Учебное пособие 1773

Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

According to the definition, vernacular is a distinctive and communicatively significant element within the scope of each national language [1 **, p. 402]. Together with the folk dialects and jargons vernacular is spoken nationwide and represents a specific type of verbal communication – folk spoken language of everyday life. However being a universal category of the national language, the vernacular has specific characteristics in each of them and has specific relationship with the literary language.

It should be noted that the term vernacular (prostorechie) [ibid; p. 402] is used mainly in Russian language studies. In French linguistics the varieties of the national language similar in functions and composition are designated by terms langue populaire (lit.: vernacular) and bas-langage (lit.: low language), which are not absolute synonyms of the Russian term prostorechie. The term langue populaire has a much narrower meaning than prostorechie: the scope of the national language, which is defined by the Russian term prostorechie, encompasses two French terms – langue populaire and argo. The vernacular elements (langue populaire) have a special place in the stylistic system of the French language and are located between the slang and the colloquial style. Moreover, langue populaire, as stresses Yu.S. Stepanov, designates Parisian vernacular (our italics – N.F., S.B.), and except for a few minor features it designates vernacular of all the French cities and towns as well. The dialects of peasants have a very specific place [7, p. 224]. The word combination bas-langage is almost never used as a term in modern French stylistics, probably due to its pronounced pejorative meaning. It is possible, therefore, to state that the Russian term prostorechie and the French term langue populaire are very remote equivalents.

It is also necessary to take into account the blurriness of notional limits inside the Russian folk spoken language and the French spoken language of everyday life. Russian vernacular, which is considered to be part of peasants/folk everyday speech, is generally considered to be situated above dialects and, at the same time, along with vernacular words it includes the literary vernacular that is "dialectisms and slang, which have lost their local and social color" [1 **, p. 402]. As for the French vernacular terms, in French dictionaries they are traditionally accompanied by the abbreviation pop., are considered in the majority of Russian-French dictionaries as spoken language and are consequently accompanied by abbreviation razg. This fact has been repeatedly pointed out by the lexicographers, who registered the inconsistence of traditional abbreviations used in French explanatory dictionaries and in French-Russian dictionaries, as well as the lack of objective and reliable criteria for the classification of such a vocabulary [8; p. 6].

We can conclude that the scope of the national language, which is designated by the term prostorechie (vernacular), reveals significant differences in the stylistic stratification of Russian and French speech which is reflected in the relevant terminology in these languages. The scope of Russian language elements, defined as prostorechie that is folk everyday speech, encompasses vernacular, dialectisms and slang, while the French language elements which perform the similar function, that is spoken language of everyday life include colloquial vocabulary (familier), vernacular (populaire) and argo. Consequently dialectic elements are not part of the French spoken language of everyday life.

Taking into consideration these factors, reflecting the heterogeneous nature of the analysed phenomenon, we define the prostorechie (vernacular) as a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, figures of speech, which are highly expressive of "roughness", familiarity [1**, p. 402]. From this point of view the vernacular is a complicated, complex phenomenon, which includes units of all language levels: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical.

In a literary text vernacular performs various aesthetic functions: it conveys the information about the local color; about the social and cultural background of the characters as well as the fact that fiction characters belong to the population of a particular territory. Ver-

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nacular, functioning in fiction as a stylistic means of creation of the characters’ images has been called literary vernacular [1**].

This article presents the results of a study of the ways to render literary vernacular elements in translation. The source of empiric material was represented by the works of I.A Bunin (hereinafter – ST) and their translations into French (hereinafter – TT). Our research is founded on the notion of renomination that is the process of reexpressing the meaning of a linguistic sign (significate), during which some transformation (change) of the significate may take place. In translation the renomination process consists in creating in the TT new nominations, which would be equivalent to the nominations of foreign realia in ST [1, p. 28] (Cf. similar interpretation of the concept in the framework of the place names analysis [9]). During the analysis, we will use the terms coined in the framework of the interlanguage renomination theory and which are used to characterise realia of a specific culture. These terms include R-realia (objects and nature phenomena), C-realia (cultural concepts) and L- realia (words and expressions designating R- and C-realia) [1, p.22-23].

Vernacular is one of the most important stylistic features of I. Bunin's prose, which is widely used to render the expressive peasants’ speech, "its customary idioms drawn from the popular phraseology, commonly used, close to proverbs, sayings, jokes" [10; from. 137]. Such words and expressions acquire "a unique national historical and symbolic sense" [ibid]. In the dictionary these words and expressions are accompanied by abbreviations "oral", "folk.". During the renomination in the process of translation these vernacular elements are often the reason for the appearance of gaps, in particular stylistic lacunae (more on stylistic lacunae, see. [11]).

As the result of the empirical material analysis we have identified the following types of stylistic lacunae:

1. The stylistic lacunae due to lexical, grammatical and phonetic features of folk speech. Such lacunae may appear due to the presence of specific phonetic features of speech, which have certain connotations in Russian culture. For example, in peasant vernacular the replacement of one sound by another occurs frequently. In such cases, to eliminate lacunae the translators fill them in different ways:

ST: A moja Matrena Mikolavna, kak ja tol'ko iz izby, — v pole!

TT1*: Et ma garce, Matriona Micolaïevna, à peine que j'étais sorti de l'isba, elle s'était sauvée dans le champ!

* Micolaïevna fille de Nicolas, par corruption: Micolas. (Mikolaevna – the daughter of Nicholas by mistake: Mikolaj).

In this context, the lacunae elimination is carried out via the Russian L-realia (transliterated form Micolaievna) in the TT and French C-realia, represented by translator’s metatext

(a detailed analysis of the functioning of the metatext as C-realia, see in [12]). The metatext helps to explain the sense of vernacular form and as a result the stylistic lacuna is completely filled.

The compensation of stylistic lacunae is carried out via the types of renomination which are presented below:

- “Russian C-realia → French C-realia”. In this case, the compensation of lacunae us carried out via creating a new "native" C-realia – functional equivalent. Cf.:

ST: Deniska tozhe ogljadel sebja. – Poddevka-to? – skromno sprosil on. – Chto zh, vot nazhivu v Tule deneg, venderku sebe kuplju (…)

TT1*: Denis regarda lui-même son affublement. – La casaque? demanda-t-il humblement. Eh ben, si je gagne quelque chose à Toula, je m'achèterai un bolman.

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In this example, instead of vengerka – "a short jacket made of cloth with a cord cross sewn on the chest similar to the uniform of Hungarian hussars" [2**] One of the heroes of the novel "The Village" uses a distorted form of the word – venderka. In the TT the lacuna is compensated via equivalent stated in the dictionary, the phonetic misuse is reproduced according to the same model, but with another pair of sounds: bolman instead of dolman. As a result, in the TT a "native" C-realia is created and the lacuna is fully compensated.

The compensation of stylistic lacunae due to specific features of peasants’ speech is frequently carried out simultaneously using elements of different language levels. Cf.:

ST: - Oh, nichego ne delala, a umorilas'! — kriknula ona, smejas'… Pojdemte so mnoj v salash otdyhat', ja na vse soglasnaja!

TT2*: Oh là là! j'ai rien fait mais j'en peux plus! cria-t-elle, en riant. ... «V'nez donc avec moi vous reposer au cabanon. T'nez, je ferons tout ce que vous voudrez!

This example illustrates the shift of stylistically marked components. In the ST vernacular elements are presented at phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels. The stylistic lacuna compensation in the TT occurs at the phonetic (the vowel loss: T'nez instead of tenez; V'nez instead of venez) and grammatical (omission of negative particle ne; j'ai instead of je n'ai, j'en instead of je n'en, incorrect verb form: ferons (1p., plural) instead of ferai (1p., singular)) levels. Thus, the stylistic lacuna in the TT is fully compensated, and the fragments of the ST and TT can be considered as equivalent.

When transcoding is used to fill a lacuna with newly created "native" C-realia, a partial neutralisation of the stylistic specificities of the ST occurs: they are less pronounced than in the TT. It should be noted, however, that complete neutralisation, which is considered unacceptable [13; from. 73] does not occur. Cf .:

SТ: - A u vas tut horosho v sele... Vam zhist'. Ne to, chto mne, v lesu, v gluhomani.

Vam Svjatki idut, veselye, pirovan'e, a mne - zhut'... Ja na jeto robok... Eshhe sduru

pridet kto da ub'et. Da chto zh! Nebos' skazhet, u nego i den'zhonki est'... Chelovek,

mol, skrytnyj, berezhnoj... A ne to, svjatoshnoe delo, i tak tol'ko - popugat' vzdumaet...

A ja ot togo mogu obespokoit'sja. Ja slabosilen. Staret' stal...

TТ3*: Il fait bon, chez vous, au village. En voilà une existence ! C’est bien autre chose que chez moi, dans la forêt, parmi les loups ! Noël approche, on va s’amuser chez vous. Mais en pleine forêt, c’est terrible. Je suis craintif, moi. Et si quelque imbécile venait m’assassiner... Cela pourrait arriver. On se dira : il a de l’argent ; c’est cachottier, un avare. Puis il y en a peut-être qui viendront masqués, pour m’effrayer.

In this case in the TT, the phonetic features of peasants’ speech are neutralised. Cf. zhist – existence ("existence", stylistically neutral), which is, however, compensated via the use of the indefinite article in front of an abstract noun – grammatical phenomenon that in the French language is stylistically marked. Russian C-realia svyatki (in the TT – svyatoshnoe delo) is renominated by creating “native" C-realia which represents explication:

Puis il y en a peut-être qui viendront masqués, pour m'effrayer ("And then, maybe someone will come in a mask to scare me"), which also leads to the loss of national color of the fragment. The vernacular elements at lexical level in the TT are not transferred, they are replaced by stylistically neutral words and word combinations. Cf.: gluhoman – “la forêt”

("forest"), nebos – “Cela pourrait arriver” (“It could happen”), mol – “On se dira” (“It can be said”), denzhonki – “de l'argent” (“some money”). Neutralization takes place on the syntactic level as well, Святки идут, веселые, пированье, а мне - жуть... – Noël approche, on

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va s'amuser chez vous. Mais en pleine forêt, c'est terrible. ("Christmas is coming, you will have a good time. But in the midst of the forest it is creepy ").

In the TT the ellipsis of the ST is filled, homogeneous parts of the sentence are rendered in two separate sentence, which changes the syntactic rhythm of the sentence. Stylistically marked elements in this passage are represented by two words: imbécile – “pop. fool” and cachottier – “pop. secretive”. Thus, a partial stylistic lacuna in the reader's perception of the TT remains.

2. The stylistic lacunae due to the spelling and grammatical peculiarities of peasants’ writing. In the TT we have analysed this type of lacunae (the least frequent because of the specific features of vernacular as oral form of language) is eliminated by compensation

(“Foreign C-realia → Native C-realia”. When rendering the specific features of vernacular the translator creates a “native” C-realia – functional equivalent using the same mechanisms as in the ST, but in the TT vernacular elements are present in other segments of the phrase. Cf.:

ST: nashel v karmane pis'mo Deniski i stal razbirat' ego karakuli. «Denja poluchil 40 rublej denjag patom sobral veshhi...»

TT1*: il venait de trouver dans sa poche la lettre de Denis et il se mit à déchiffrer son grimoire: Denis reçus 40 roubles après il pris ses afferes.

The TT contains spelling errors in other words than in ST: pris instead of prit (the verb prendre – «take»), afferes instead of affaires – “things”. In this case, we can state that full compensation of the lacuna has been achieved and the impression made by ST and TT is equivalent.

3. The stylistic lacunae due to the presence of the peasant folklore elements in the speech. The elimination of this type of stylistic lacunae is carried out by means of compensation via the renomination type “Foreign C-realia → Native C-realia”. Cf.:

ST - I-ih! — kriknul kto-to v tolpe pod krepkij gluhoj topot: Ne pahat', ne ko-sit' — Devkam zhamki nosit'!

TT1*: - Et dzim! cria quelqu'un, sous le sourd tapage des pieds: Ni labourer, ni faucher! Aux filles des crêpes à manger.

The “native” C-realia created by the translator in the TT represents a functional equivalent but there is one different element: there is a “native” R-realia des crêpes – “pancakes”, whereas in the ST “foreign” R-realia zhamki – reg. “peppermint spice cake”. The choice of this type of renomination of the “foreign” R-realia can be explained by the absence of R- realia prianik (spice cake) in the French culture. In order to render the relevant features of the “foreign” R-realia the translator would have had to complete the text by the “native” C- realia – translation metatext. However, it would hinder the immediate perception of the ditty by the reader, and as the result the impressive equivalence would not have been achieved. Major factors contributing to the ditty comprehension are rhyme and rhythm, while this or that kind of baked goods is not relevant , thus this case can be considered as full compensation of the stylistic lacuna.

The compensation of stylistic lacunae due to the presence in the ST of the elements of folklore – proverbs and sayings is often carried via the creation in the renomination process of a “native” C-realia based on the replacement of “foreign” image by the “native”, familiar in the French culture. Cf.:

ST: Jeto tozhe dobryj znak: «Mnogo tenetnika na bab'e leto — osen' jadrenaja». TT4*: C'est bon signe aussi: «Toiles d'araignées à la Saint-Martin, automne serein».

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In the process of renomination the “foreign” C-realia (babie leto) is transferred by the following text equivalent: “Toiles d'araignées à la Saint-Martin, automne serein” (“Web at St. Martin – a clear autumn”). As we can see, to preserve the special stylistic color the translator uses the French word expression Saint-Martin, instead of its more popular analogue été indien, calque of the English «Indian summer». Furthermore, the rhyme is maintained in the TT. As a result, the stylistic lacuna due to the presence of a saying is fully compensated.

Similarly:

ST: Chasto nastavljal: – Zhivem – ne motaem, popadesh'sja – obrotaem. No – po spra-vedlivosti..

TT1*: ... il leur faisait la leçon: - On vit, on ne gaspille point; on saura te plumer si tu nous tombes sous la main. Seulement, tout se fera en bonne justice.

“Foreign” C-realia – byword is transfered by the following text equivalent – “native” C-realia: On vit, on ne gaspille point; on saura te plumer si tu nous tombes sous la main. (“We live do – not spend, you will be plucked, if you get into our hands”). In the ST the image created by the word obrotat – “1. Reg. Wear a bridle on a horse. 2. figur. pop. Reining smb., making to behave in a certain way "[3**]. The image of TT is based on a different word plumer qn – “pluck someone”. Furthermore, in the TT a rhyme is created. As a result, the stylistic lacuna is compensated.

The above-mentioned ways to eliminate stylistic lacunae confirm that the vernacular translation is based on compensation, understood as a strategy to achieve equivalence of ST and TT [14, p. 633] oriented to use some elements in the function of another elements. The compensation helps to overcome linguistic, cultural and stylistic asymmetry of the Russian and French languages, and prevent the appearance of different types of lacunae, including stylistic lacunae. Compensation allows to convey meaning of the text, while avoiding the socalled stylistic literalism. This strategy results in translation French literary text in line with its usual "norm ratio" [7, p.235] and prevents deformation of the aesthetic objectives of the work.

Analysis of the Russian vernacular “in the mirror of the French translation”, leads to the conclusion that the principle of compensation is realised not at the level of the transfer of certain words but expressions from dialects or vernacular, and at the level of the text as a whole and is an integral part of the system of holistic transformation of the text aimed at achieving complex (denotative, connotative, aesthetic, impressive) equivalence of the ST and TT. It represents a crucial part of the systemic complex transformation of the ST. This transformation takes form of both intraand inter-level modifications which allow to compensate the stylistic asymmetry of Russian and French vernacular differentiation. It gives as well the opportunity to find equivalent means of translating a text with a pronounced national color.

Bibliographic list

1.Francuzskie i russkie realii v aspekte teorii mezh"yazykovoj renominacii: monografiya / N.A.Fenenko [i dr.]; pod red N.A.Fenenko, A.A.Kretova. – Voronezh: Izdatel'sko-poligraficheskij centr Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2013. – 220 s.

2.Razlogova E.EH. «Pikovaya dama» v zerkale francuzskih perevodov / E.EH.Razlogova // Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 2012, №6. – S. 66 – 92.

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3.Zyryanova M.V.Renominaciya lingvokul'turnyh realij (na materiale francuzskih perevodov p'es A.P.CHekhova)/M.V.Zyryanova. _Avtoref. dis…kand. filol.nauk, Voronezh,

2011. – 24 s.

4.Kozlova V.V. Metatekst vo francuzskih perevodah proizvedenij M.A.Bulgakova/V.V.Kozlova – Avtoref.dis….kand. filol. nauk, Voronezh, 2013. – 24 s.

5.Vlahov S. Neperevodimoe v perevode / Vlahov S., Florin S. – Izd. 3-e, ispr.i dop. – M.: «R. Valent», 2006.- 448 s.

6.Fedorov A.V. Osnovy obshchej teorii perevoda (lingvisticheskie problemy): Dlya in-tov i fak-tov inost.yazykov.Ucheb.posobie.- 5-e izd. - SPb: Filologicheskij fakul'tet SPbUU: izdatel'skij dom "FILOLOGIYA TRI" 2002. - 416 s.

7.Stepanov YU.S. Francuzskaya stilistika (v sravnenii s russkoj): Uchebnoe posobie / YU.S.Stepanov. - Izd. 3-e, stereotipnoe. – M.:Editorial URSS, 2003. – 360 s.

8.Grineva E.F. Slovar' razgovornoj leksiki francuzskogo yazyka (na materiale sovremennoj hudozhestvennoj literatury i pressy) / E.F.Grineva, T.N.Gromova. – M.: Russkij yazyk, 1987. – 638 s.

9.Strukova O.V. EHtnokul'turnaya specifika renominacij nemeckih toponimov v raznyh arealah Rossii (na materiale nemeckih toponimov Samarskoj, Leningradskoj i Permskoj oblastej) / O.V. Strukova, Z.E. Fomina // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Seriya: Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovaniyayu 2014. №1 (21). S.116-129.

10.Zaborovskaya A.A. Bezehkvivalentnaya leksika, oboznachayushchaya realii russkoj kul'tury, v tvorchestve I.A. Bunina / A.A. Zaborovskaya // I.A. Bunin v dialoge ehpoh. Mezhvuzovskij sbornik nauchnyh trudov, posvyashchennyh tvorchestvu I.A. Bunina.

–Voronezh: Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2002. – S.136-146.

11.Bulgakova S.Yu. Strategii delakunizacii vo francuzskih perevodah prozy I.A.Bunina /S.YU.Bulgakova. Avtoref.diss…kand.filol.nauk, Voronezh, 2013.- 24 s.

12.Kozlova V.V. Osobennosti renominacii lingvokul'turnyh realij s pomoshch'yu metateksta / V.V. Kozlova // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Seriya: Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodikodidakticheskie issledovaniyayu 2012. №17. S.136-146

13.Bogatikova Yu.A. «Biografiya Londona» P. Akrojda: vybor strategii perevoda dialekta kokni / YU.A. Bogatikova // Vestnik Moskovoskogo universiteta. Ser.22. Teoriya perevoda. – 2010. – №1. – S.66-74.

14.Fenenko N.A. Rol' kompensacii v processe perevoda prostorechno-dialektnoj leksiki / N.A.Fenenko // Russkij yazyk i kul'tura v zerkale perevoda V YUbilejnaya mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferenciya. Vysshaya shkola perevoda Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni M.V.Lomonosova. – 2015. – S.632-641.

Analysed sources

1*. Bounine I. Le Village. Roman / I. Bounine, traduit du russe par M. Parijanine. Préface de P. Lorrain. – Paris: Bartillat, 2011. – 268 p.

2*. Bounine I. L'Amour de Mitia: roman / I. Bounine, traduit du russe par A. ColdefyFaucard. – Paris: Gallimard, 2004. – 154 p.

3*. Bounine I. Les Allées sombres / I. Bounine, traduction et notes de J.-L. Goester et F. Laurent; préface de J. Catteau. – Lausanne; Paris: l'Âge d'homme, 1987. – 378 p.

4*. Bounine I. Les Pommes Antonov: nouvelles / I. Bounine, traduit du russe, préfacé et annoté par C. Hauchard. – Paris: Édition des Syrtes, 2001. – 155 p.

Dictionaries used

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1** Lingvisticheskij ehnciklopedicheskij slovar'/Gl. redaktor V.N.Yarceva. – Moskva: Sovetskaya ehnciklopediya, 1990. – 685 s.

2** Efremova T.F. Sovremennyj tolkovyj slovar' russkogo yazyka:v 3 t.: okolo 160000 slov / T.F. Efremova. – Moskva: Astrel': AST, 2006. – T1: 1165 s.;

3** Tolkovyj slovar' Ushakova on-line. EHlektronnyj resurs:http://ushakovdictionary

.ru

UDC 81. 373

Voronezh Institute of the Russian Ministry of the Interior, Foreign Languages Department, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor Ekaterina Alexandrovna Protsenko procatherine@mail.ru

E.A. Protsenko

RUSSIAN AS A SOURCE OF INTERLANGUAGE RECODING

IN MODERN FRENCH NEWSPAPERS

The article is devoted to the issue of linguistic interactions between the Russian and French languages in the media. The author selects lexical items recoded from Russian into French as a specific object of research. The concept of the interlanguage recoding is defined, the peculiarities of recoding from Russian into French are considered in the article. Graphic representation and grammar categories of the analyzed lexical items are examined in details, word-formation models are revealed, semantic changes are described. On the basis of the analysis of recoded from Russian lexical items used in modern French newspapers the author concludes that they are necessary to be distinguished from lexical borrowings.

Key words: language contacts, code mixing, interlanguage recoding, russianisms, lexical borrowings, graphic representation, semantics, word formation models, French newspapers.

Globalization processes and extensive use of communication networks in the modern world inevitably result in language contacts intensifying and enlarging its limits what, in turn, make actual different aspects of intercultural communication.

One of the consequences of cross language interactions is “the acceptance of linguistic material from one language by another” [1, p. 96] leading to borrowing some language units.

Taking into account the dominant position of English nowadays, the most evident is an intensive borrowing of anglicisms by Russian [2, p.143] as well as by other world languages. On the other hand, recent researches have proved that Russian can also be considered as language source (SL) for English [3], the process of interlanguage interactions being a multiway channel [4].

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© Protsenko E.A., 2015

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At present more and more attention is given to the study of processes such as code switching, code mixing or interlanguage recoding rather than its results.

The term “interlanguage recoding” suggests conversion from one code into another, i.e. changing signs of one language system by equivalent signs of another system. However, interlanguage recoding is not a simple procedure of applying “counterpoint rules”, (i.e. an element of А system ↔ an element of В system, without any intermediary) [5, p.209], but represents a complicated process of language interactions or adjustment of independent semiotic systems.

Then, by interlanguage recoding we mean the process of coding one language system units according to the rules of the other language system [6, p.96]. Interlanguage recoding results in borrowing (in a broad sense) of foreign language units. However, keeping in mind that the term “borrowing” is sometimes narrowly applied to assimilated words , we use the term “recoded lexical items” highlighting the means of creating an appropriate lexical item transferred from one semiotic system into another one.

Our attention is focused on lexical items recoded from Russian into French. The majority of the words under consideration are not registered in French dictionaries and are substantially in the state of transition from one language system into another, being outsiders in both systems. Nevertheless, as fixing the fact of borrowing requires a broad comparative study, we will only note that the number of Russian loanwords, according to French dictionaries [1**; 2**], is not over than one third of the total number of recoded words.

The research was performed on the material of French national periodicals having both printed and on-line versions. Taking into consideration mainly the criteria of circulation and popularity, we fixed our attention on “three pillars” of French press: «Le Monde» [1*], «Le Figaro» [2*], «Libération» [3*].

Then, our study of Russian language units used in French newspapers edited for the last 20 years aimed at identifying the peculiarities of their interlanguage recoding into French. Subject of the research are more than 150 lexical items with the total number of usages about 5000. It must be stressed that anthroponyms and toponyms are not included in the current analysis for being worthy special attention as markers of ethnocultural specificity [7].

Analysis includes complex examination of recoded words for various properties such as graphic representation, grammar characteristics, syntactic analysis, classification, changes in the meaning and functions in the text. However, as all the above mentioned aspects can not be described within this article, we will concentrate on three main vectors of changes evolved in the process of interlanguage recoding which are graphics, grammar and semantics.

First of all, it is worth noting that recoded from Russian words are used in all periodicals all over the analyzed period. This fact gives grounds for considering interlanguage recoding as a real process determined by the need “to linguistically assimilate the foreign language reality” [8] in the present context of globalization and cross cultural communication. Some increase or decrease in the recoded words frequency from time to time can be explained by different factors including changes of attitude towards Russia.

As a rule, lexical borrowings as well as recoded from Russian lexical items are not translated. Although the meaning of the words under consideration is sometimes getting clear from the context or is explained in brackets, for example:

Le deuxième jour, il fait25 °C, le ciel est azur et Elena sert une kacha (bouillie d' avoine) avec une montagne d' oladi (beignets) propres à réchauffer un troupeau [3*:

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Le dnevnik ou journal ouvrier est la forme préférée des travailleurs [3*: 2.03.2006]

1. Special features of graphic representation.

As interlanguage recoding from Russian into French suggests alphabet changes, the most frequent way of formal recoding is transcription of the SL prototype. But given a lack of interlanguage similarity at phonetic level, transcription is sometimes combined with transliteration.

The most difficult task is to transcribe vowels missing in French. Then, я, ю and ё are transferred into French by combination of a vowel with J:

[ё] is reproduced by –io-, for example, Fr. matriochka from Rus. матрёшка;

[ю] is carried by –iou-, for example, Fr. Politburo from Rus. политбюро, Fr. katiousha from Rus. катюша;

[я] is transferred in French by –ia, for example, Fr. Iabloko from Rus. яблоко, Fr. Yakoutie from Rus. Якутия, Fr. Rossiya from Rus. Россия.

Some vowel combinations are also recoded as yotized, for example, des boïviki from Rus. боевики, or un samoyède from Rus. самоед etc. As for й, it is reproduced in French by means of –ї-, for example: Fr. taїga from Rus. тайга, balalaїka from Rus. балалайка, perestroїka from Rus. перестройка etc.

[Ы] also causes problems for interlanguage recoding because of the absence of an equivalent sound and corresponding letter in French. As a rule, the sound is soften and the letter is transferred by -i-, for example, Fr. blini from Rus. блины, chachlik from Rus. шашлык or by -y, for example, Fr. Boutyrka from Rus. Бутырка.

As for consonants, they are usually reproduced by their equivalents but taking into consideration French pronunciation norms. Then, the final vowel in the word oukase from Rus. указ, for example, determines reading –s as a sonant in the position between two vowels.

On the contrary, within the suffix -isme, for example, a Russian sonant is reproduced by voiceless consonant: Fr. stalinisme from Rus. сталинизм, Fr. trotskisme from Rus. троцкизм etc. As this word formation model is international, recoded from Russian words comply with general rules of a recipient language (RL).

The sound з may also be represented in French by –z as for example, in the word kholkhoze from Rus. колхоз, although these cases are rare because of low frequency of the letter in French.

On the other hand, the sound –к- is practically always recoded in French by –k-, for example, apparatchik from Rus. аппаратчик, babouchka from Rus. бабушка, zakouski from Rus. закуски, kopeck from Rus. копейка, moujik from Rus. мужик etc., though this letter is rarely if even used in the native language words.

Double consonants are preserved in the majority of words. However, they are sometimes reduced, especially when there are phonetic or orthographic variants, for example, Fr. kvas (kvass) from Rus. квас. On the contrary, there are examples of doubling consonants, as a rule, when it affects the pronunciation of –s, for example, Fr. Tarass Boulba from Rus.

Тарас Бульба или Fr. spassibo from Rus. спасибо.

Some problems in the process of interlanguage recoding are caused by Russian hushing sounds. In these cases different combinations are used in RL, namely:

[ш] is represented by –ch-, for example, Fr. kacha from Rus. каша, Fr. bolchevik from Rus. большевик;

10 Hereinafter we indicate the number in a list of references and the date of issue, for example, [3*, 23.02.2007] means “Liberation” edited 23th of February, 2007.

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[щ] is carried by –chtch-, for example, Fr. borchtch from Rus. борщ;

[ч] corresponds to –tch-, for example, Fr. datcha from Rus. дача;

[ц] may be transferred in French by –ts- or –tz-, as a result, we find two variants tsar and tzar from Rus. царь in the dictionary [1**].

In general, it must be noted that variability is typical even for registered Russian loanwords. As a result, French dictionaries [1**; 2**] cite several variants of loanwords coexisting in the language system, for example, borchtch – bortsch, bolchevique – bolchevik, kholkhoze – kholkoz, Kreml – Kremlin, kvas – kwas, pogrom - pogrome, tzar – tsar, oukase

–ukase. While interlanguage recoding the authors are not restricted to some regular patterns, rather guided by the rules of RL or their proper representation of the words sonority what leads to the existence of alternative variants such as bortch and borscht, vinzavod and winzavod, udarnik and oudarnik.

2.Grammar characteristics.

The majority of recoded lexical items are nouns which are mainly used independently. Examples of other parts of speech are scarce: adjective – riaboï, ruski, Stolichnaya, verb – morjevat, preposition – na, particle - niet.

As to morphological structure, most of recoded words are underived, i.e. borrowed as a whole. But sometimes recoded lexical items are created by means of word formation.

Word formation models include using affixes both from SL and RL. As a result, a lexical item may combine in its structure elements with different etymology, for example:

Tous connaissent sa fameuse kacha" (bouillie)" de sarrasin à la mayonnaise, la pitance du parfait "AVP chnik", comme on nomme les disciples de Krotov [3*: 13.08.2010]

DANS UNE RUSSIE dont on dit qu'elle a renoué avec la kremlinologie, apr s quatre années de pouvoir de Vladimir Poutine, tenter de décrypter les rapports de force entre les «clans» qui s'opposeraient autour du chef de l'Etat pourrait s'apparenter à suivre une bataille de bouledogues sous un tapis [2*: 28.09.2003]

A rather productive word formation model is adding a native suffix to a Russian word stem, for example: Fr. Kholkozien, kholkozienne (kholkozе from Rus. колхоз), poutinienne (Poutine from Rus. Путин), eltsinien (Eltsin from Rus. Ельцин), gorbatchévienne

(Gorbatchev from Rus. Горбачев) etc.

Prefixes are mostly international such as ex-, pro-, anti-, and correspond, as a rule, to the next step of derivation: ex-KGB, еx-nomenklaturiste, pro-Kremlin, pro-Poutine, antiKremlin etc. Notably, the most frequent are pro-Putin and anti-Putin, which are also used in the articles’ headings, for example:

Life News, la petite chaîne pro-Poutine qui monte [1*: 22.05.2015]

Condamné pour une pancarte anti-Poutine [1*: 27.01.2015]

Composition as means of recoding is used only in exceptional cases. Thus, one article in the newspaper “Liberation” is entitled «Poutinemkine» [3*: 27.09.2004]. Drawing parallels between V. V. Putin and G.A. Potemkin, the author creates a new word imposing two names. The other example of a compound word is the heading «Gagarinomania» [2*: 15.04.2011] which combines two stems from different languages.

Formed as a result of interlanguage recoding, lexical items have both word formation and inflectional affixes of RL. Firstly, all nouns are used with an article according to French grammar rules. Then, they form plural by adding appropriate French inflections to borrowed stems, for example: «les goulags du temps du stalinisme» [1*: 3.09.2008], « il y a peu de vakhtoviks sobres» [3*: 2.08.2010], «Tsars, boyards, moujiks...» [1*: 24.02.2010] и т.д.

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