Учебное пособие 1703

Table 3 The distribution of contexts for the use of the Kernenergie token by period and source

In the semantic system of the Kernkraft token, the leading feature is n u c l e a r p o w e r a s p a r t o f t h e o v e r a l l p o w e r s y s t e m (“Wenn es nicht knallt, sind Öl und Kernkraft jedoch extrem frugal” [24*] – “If it doesn't explode, however, oil and nuclear power are extremely frugal” (our translation); “Es werden beinah alle derzeit verwendeten und entwickelten Energietechniken einbezogen, eben auch Kernkraft” [25*] – “Almost all currently used and developed energy technologies are included, even nuclear power” (our translation)) – 37.78%.

The data obtained are also presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Distribution of contexts for the use of the Kernkraft token according to period and source

An insignificant number of contexts of the use of the lexical unit Nuklearenergie does not allow revealing the core of the semantic system of the lexeme. It can only be noted that an indication of the p o l i t i c a l a s p e c t s o f n u c l e a r p o w e r (“Die Vertretung Schwedens war bei sowjetischen Staatsämtern zur Kontrolle der Nuklearenergie am Montag schon vorstellig geworden und hatte angefragt, ob sich auf sowjetischem Territorium ein Unfall ereignet habe”

[26*] – “Representatives of Sweden had already presented itself to Soviet government offices for the control of nuclear energy on Monday and had asked whether an accident had occurred on Soviet territory” (our translation); “Beide Minister unterzeichneten ein Abkommen über die Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet der Nuklearenergie, das den Weg für den Export japanischer

Kerntechnologie nach China ebnet” [27*] – “Both ministers signed a nuclear cooperation

34

agreement that paves the way for Japanese nuclear technology to be exported to China” (our translation)) and n u c l e a r p o w e r a s p a r t o f t h e e n e r g y s y s t e m (“Im bilateralen Bereich wurden 6 Abkommen unterzeichnet, die sich auf die technische Hilfe Frankreichs bei der Errichtung von Erdölfördertürmen im Meer, der Nutzung der Sonnenenergie für die Entsalzung von Meerwasser, der Ausbildung von Erdölfacharbeitern, der Entwicklung der

Nuklearenergie und der Landwirtschaft sowie der Ausbildung medizinischen Personals beziehe” [28*] – “In the bilateral field, 6 agreements have been signed, relating to France's technical assistance in the construction of oil production towers in the sea, the use of solar energy for desalination of sea water, the training of petroleum workers, the development of nuclear energy and agriculture, and the training of medical personnel relate” (our translation)) are the most frequent (29.41% and 23.53% respectively).

The data on the distribution of the token’s contexts can be found in more detail in Table

5.

Table 5 The distribution of contexts for the use of the Nuklearenergie token by period and source

the r e j e c t i o n o f n u c l e a r p o w e r (18.9%) prevailed in periodicals. From 2000 to 2009, in the print media, lexical units of the nominative field were used in the context of the g e n -

35

Figure 2. Graphs of the functioning of the lexical units of the Atomkraft nominative field in the case under study.

It can be seen from the above graphs that the Atomkraft lexeme dominates in almost all the values we have identified, with the exception of the semantic attribute “abandonment of nuclear energy”, where the Atomenergie lexical unit has the most frequent use. Tokens Nuklearenergie almost never found widespread use in the selected corpus of texts, which is probably due to its limited sphere of use (in professional vocabulary).

The general structure of the concept, taking into account all nominative units, is as fol-

lows:

The core (31%) is the attribute “rejection of nuclear energy”.

The near periphery (31%) make up the “political aspects” and the “danger of nuclear power”.

The far periphery (17%) are the attributes “environmental issues” and “future of nuclear power”.

The outer periphery (9%) are “nuclear energy as one of the problems of the present” and “peaceful use of nuclear energy”.

Conclusion.

In the presented work, the semantic attributes of lexemes included in the Atomkraft nominative field were identified, based on a cognitive analysis of the contexts of their use. Since limited material of the German language corpus was chosen as the research material, the results obtained give only an idea of the general development trend of the semantics of the considered units. It should be noted that the identified cognitive attributes cannot be verified by means of an associative experiment, since the latter indicates the meaning of the stimulus word that is relevant at the time of the conduct and should be carried out at the appropriate time. However, the construction of a complete model of the concept and experimental verification of the results obtained are relevant to the research prospects.

As for the use frequency of lexical units in question, we did not reveal a correlation between it and the technological disasters occurring in the world. Thus, in the course of the study, the put forward working hypothesis was not confirmed. The peak use of lexical units of the nominative field was in 2008–2009, when the preparation and conduct of the election campaign

36

in parliament took place in Germany. From this we can make the assumption that political technologies in this case had a greater impact on the functioning and development of the concept than objective factors of reality. However, this hypothesis needs to be confirmed on a wider study material from various German language corpora.

References

[1]Muxamedzhanova E.R., Akat`ev V.A. Analiz krupnejshix avarij na radiacionny`x ob``ektax i ix vliyanie na tempy` razvitiya atomnoj e`nergetiki v mire // Global`naya yadernaya bezopasnost`. – 2017. – №3 (24). – S. 110–114.

[2]Sapry`kin D.A. Posledstviya katastrofy` v Yaponii dlya global`noj e`konomiki // Vestnik MGIMO. – 2012. – №1. – S. 114–118.

[3]Toropchin G. V. Mirny`j atom v Avstralii i FRG v 1991-2011 gg. : sravnitel`ny`j analiz // Izvestiya AltGU. – 2014. – №4 (84). – S. 230–234.

[4]Zimakov A.V. Evropejskie modeli e`kologichnoj e`lektroe`nergetiki: sostoyanie i perspektivy` // Vestnik Instituta e`konomiki RAN. – 2019. – №4. – S. 154–168.

[5]EU Reference Scenario 2016. Energy, Transport and GHG Emissions Trends to 2050. Euro-pean Commission, 2016. 221 p. URL: ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ 20160713%20draft_publication_REF2016_v13.pdf (data obrashheniya – 27.04.20).

[6]Rheindorf M., Wodak R. Genre-related language change: Discourseand corpuslinguistic perspectives on austrian german 1970–2010 // Folia Linguist [Internet]. – 2019. – 53(1). – pp. 125–167. doi:10.1515/flin-2019-2006.

[7]Rossiello, G., Caputo, A., Basile, P. & Semeraro, G. Modeling concepts and their relationships for corpus-based query auto-completion // Open Computer Science. – 2020. – vol. 9, no. 1. – pp. 212–225.

[8]Yuliawati, S.,T. Suhardijanto, and R.S. Hidayat. A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Terminology of the Social Sciences and Humanities // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2018. – vol. 175. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012109.

[9]Metody` kognitivnogo analiza semantiki slova: komp`yuterno-korpusny`j podxod / pod obshh. red. V. I. Zabotkinoj. – 2-e izd. – M.: Izdatel`skij Dom YaSK, 2019. – 344 s. – (Studia philologica).

[10]Popova Z. D., Sternin I. A. Semantiko-kognitivny`j analiz yazy`ka. Monografiya. – Voronezh: izd-vo «Istoki», 2007. – 250 s.

[11]Popova Z.D., Sternin I.A. Leksicheskaya sistema yazy`ka: Vnutrennyaya ogranizaciya, kategorial`ny`j apparat i priemy` opisaniya: Uchebnoe posobie. Izd. 4-e. – M.: LENAND, 2014. – 176 s.

[12]Wir haben die Kraft gemeinsam für unser Land. Regierungsprogramm 2009–2013. Verabschiedet in einer gemeinsamen Sitzung des Bundesvorstands der CDU und des Parteivorstandes der CSU. CDU-Bundesgeschäftsstelle. Berlin, 28. Juni 2009. URL: https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7d6e0b45-01b2-1cc7-793a- 84d61e9c5086&groupId=252038 (data obrashheniya – 27.04.20).

Analyzed sources

[1*] Archiv der Gegenwart, 2001 [1996]. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

[2*] Merkel zur Raumenergie-Frage. URL: https://xenpax.wordpress.com/2012/03/31/merkel-zur-raumenergie-frage/ (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

37

[3*] Die Zeit, 03.02.2000, Nr. 6. Aus dem Kernkorpus 21 des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#korpus21 (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[4*] Petition an den Deutschen Bundestag: Atomkraftwerke sofort abschalten! URL: https://www.planten.de/2011/03/26/petition-an-den-deutschen-bundestag-atomkraftwerke- sofort-abschalten/ (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[5*] Die Zeit, 30.12.1998, Nr. 1. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[6*] Atom-Masterplan der CDU. Aus dem Blog-Korpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-web#blogs (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[7*] Archiv der Gegenwart, 2001 [2000]. Aus dem Kernkorpus 21 des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#korpus21 (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[8*] Atomkraft nein Danke. URL: https://kompass.im/2012/05/atomkraft-nein-danke/ (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[9*] Der Spiegel, 10.07.2000. Aus dem Kernkorpus 21 des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#korpus21 (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[10*] Die Zeit, 03.02.2000, Nr. 6. Aus dem Kernkorpus 21 des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#korpus21 (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

[11*] Die Zeit, 19.04.1996, Nr. 17. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[12*] Die Zeit, 19.04.1996, Nr. 17. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[13*] Die Zeit, 11.07.1997, Nr. 29. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[14*] Die Zeit, 19.04.1996, Nr. 17. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[15*] Atomares Endlager ist ein Irrweg. Aus dem Blog-Korpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-web#blogs (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[16*] PM: Ein letztes Aufbäumen der FDP. URL: https://www.von- notz.de/2011/05/11/pm-ein-letztes-aufbaeumen-der-fdp/.

[17*] Greenpeace misst Strahlung in Japan: Das Team stellt sich vor. Aus dem Blog-

Korpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k- web#blogs (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[18*] EU-Datenschutzreform und Angela Merkel – Nach der Energiewende braucht es endlich die Datenschutzwende! URL: https://www.von-notz.de/2013/10/29/eu- datenschutzreform-und-angela-merkel-nach-der-energiewende-braucht-es-endlich-die- datenschutzwende/ (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[19*] Atomkraftwerke machen Kinder krank. URL: https://www.planten.de/2009/04/20/atomkraftwerke-machen-kinder-krank/ (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

38

[20*] Archiv der Gegenwart, 2001 [1989]. Aus dem Kernkorpus 21 des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#korpus21 (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[21*] Windkraft mit Vollast: Wartung, Wetter, Bedarf. URL: https://blog.stromhaltig.de/2013/03/windkraft-mit-vollast-wartung-wetter-bedarf/ (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[22*] Die Zeit, 11.02.1999, Nr. 7. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[23*] Laufzeitverlangerung längst nicht beschlossen. Aus dem Blog-Korpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-web#blogs (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[24*] Die Zeit, 03.02.2000, Nr. 6. Aus dem Kernkorpus 21 des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#korpus21 (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

[25*] Nach der Wahl: Das Energieforschungskonzept. URL: https://philosophenstuebchen.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/nach-der-wahl-das- energieforschungskonzept/ (data obrashheniya – 27.06.20).

[26*] Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 30.04.1986. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

[27*] Archiv der Gegenwart, 2001 [1986]. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

[28*] Archiv der Gegenwart, 2001 [1980]. Aus dem Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache. URL: https://www.dwds.de/d/k-referenz#kern (data obrashheniya

– 27.06.20).

Dictionaries used

[1**] Korpora im DWDS. URL: https://www.dwds.de/r (data obrashheniya – 27.04.20). [2**] Atomkraft. URL: https://www.dwds.de/wb/Atomkraft (data obrashheniya –

27.04.20).

39

DOI 10.36622/MLMDR.2020.30.3.004

UDC 811.161.1'1

IMAGE OF TOOLS IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE (BASED ON THE MATERIAL

OF RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)

T.A. Zhdanova

____________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State Technical University PhD in Philology,

Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign languages and Translation Technology Tatyana A. Zhdanova

e-mail: zhdanovsilver@mail.ru

____________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to the analysis of people's linguistic representation of mental images of the simplest tools to show that these technical primitives can be considered as components of people's knowledge of the surrounding reality and of themselves stored in the social memory of native speakers.

Results. The paper examined the people's knowledge about the tools, presented in various written sources. The relationship between the relevance of the instrument in society and its vocabulary description is shown. The anthropocentricity of figurative reconsideration of tools is revealed. The functioning of this vocabulary in Russian and English is compared.

Conclusion. Knowledge of tools includes information about their structure and the principle of working with them. This knowledge is so close and understandable to people that they are described in detail in various written sources. The way how the tools are objectified in lexicographic sources reflects how people perceive them. When tools are no longer used, the detail of their description in dictionaries decreases. The imaginative reconsideration of technical primitives is supported by the idea that a person creates them similar to himself. The opposite is also true. Subsequently, a man himself serves as a model for the tool description. The similarity of tools mental representations of English speakers is proved.

Key words: Social memory, tools, vocabulary definitions, contextual uses, riddles, anthropocentricity, mental representations, imaginative rethinking.

For citation: Zhdanova T.A. Image of tools in language and culture (based on the material of Russian and English languages) / T.A. Zhdanova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. –

2020. - № 3 (30). – P. 40-56.

Introduction.

From immemorial time, in connection with the needs of economic activity, people created a variety of tools and found use for them, adapting more and more to the world around them. "A man could use tools designed by himself, inherited from his ancestors, or borrowed from a neighbor" [1, p. 132]. It is difficult to overestimate the role of tools in the development of civilization. It is not by chance that they had a special meaning throughout history. So, in the ancient world there were beliefs that " without offerings or magic words and persuasions, the tool will escape from the power of man and bring him evil. In a certain sense, in the ancient world, technology coincided with magic" [2, p. 12-20]. For example, " the axe, as well as other sharp iron objects such as a knife, sickle, scythe, harrow was a talisman against diseases and evil spirits. The scythe was associated with the idea of abundance and the end of the harvest period, but, being used in the subsequent period, it was believed to bring imminent death. Tools were also given anthropomorphic characteristics. A pitchfork was seen as feminine, and a spade as masculine" [1*].

Today, despite the development of science, the emergence of high-tech devices and the use of sophisticated machines to facilitate labor, agriculture largely continues to follow

_____________________

© Zhdanova T.A., 2020

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the traditions that have developed over the centuries. Primitive tools are still not completely out of circulation, being irreplaceable in the economy of this day. At the same time, even today they are perceived not just as a means of performing household chores. Devices are one of the ways to store and transmit socially important information about the present and long-past days. The people considered this information useful for new generations, although the tools were originally created for practical work, at that time they did not think that they would turn into a means of transmitting knowledge.

Methodology of the research.

The object of the proposed research is the nomination of the simplest tools. The subject is mental representations verbalized by the words that name tools.

The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of mental tools representations, nominated through language.

To achieve this goal, you need to solve the following tasks:

1)identify the specifics of lexicographic interpretation of tools;

2)determine the dynamics of changes in the lexicographic description of tools, depending on their demand by society;

3)analyze the contextual use of lexemes that nominate tools;

4)explore imaginative reinterpretations of tools;

5)compare the functioning of this vocabulary in Russian and English.

Research material. The research material is about a hundred examples of describing tools in lexicographic sources, in literature and journalistic works, in folk art, as well as in the national corpus of the Russian language and the British national corpus. In the course of the study, the method of continuous sampling was used to select examples that contain the categories of tools. The lexical and semantic analysis of lexemes that nominate images of tools was carried out, on the basis of which the features that structure the areas of mental representations about tools were identified, and a conclusion was made about the meaning of tools in human life.

Methods of research. In this work the following methods were used: method of analysis of dictionary definitions, a comparative contextual analysis, method of introspection and the method of corpus linguistics.

Research results.

In the course of the study, adaptations and devices were considered as objects of social memory, understood as a "theoretically generalized collective image of humanity" [3, p. 47]. Tools of labor and technologies of material production were ranked by us after Ya. K. Rebane and V. A. Kolevatov on objects that influence the process of thinking and cognition [4]. In their opinion, in culture, technology exists not so much according to the" laws of business and necessity " as according to the logic of the existence of ideas, cultural forms of consciousness, and semantic representations of the world (world picture) [5, p.10-37]. "The doctrine of technology is the doctrine of man, but presented through the prism of technology" [6, p. 11-12]. "As constituent elements of the totality of knowledge about the world, a set of such subject content that the human consciousness possesses" [7, p. 201], the presented work analyzed images of tools fixed by language means.

It is quite clear that tools have certain external features, their outlines and physical characteristics: shape, size, color, and degree of severity. Another important aspect of the tools consideration is their function, the most optimal principles of work developed over the centuries and the sequence of actions. Socrates also noted that the meaning of a thing lies precisely in its application.

Consideration of tools in terms of their design features and functional purpose can be correlated with the presence of two types of knowledge: declarative (knowledge of "what") and procedural (knowledge of "how"). It is not by chance that these parameters are recorded in the language, which, in the view of a person, have a certain significance.

41

In this paper, we turned to the analysis of lexemes of such everyday tools as a spade, axe, and saw. The choice of the declared tools is due to the fact that they are one of the most famous and necessary tools for people, from the moment of their invention to the present day. In support of this idea, we will cite Proverbs that illustrate how these devices have long and firmly become an integral part of the peoples’ life. We will learn about the special attitude of peasants to the spade from the following examples: Хорошая лопата год кормит –

(A good spade feeds the year). Лопата на селе кормилец – (Spade in the village is a breadwinner). The axe is also very important from the point of view of work: Топор всему делу голова – (The axe is the head of the whole matter). С топором весь свет пройдешь –

(You can walk the world with an axe). Топор одевает, топор обувает – (Axe dresses, axe shoes). You can't do without a saw: Была бы пила, найдутся и дела – (If there is a saw, there would be things to do). The proposed tools were chosen as an example of popular technical primitives. Their circle can easily be expanded.

The research proposed in the article involves both the consideration of lexicographic lexemes interpretation and the identification of their functioning specifics in various types of discourse. This technique has been successfully used in other works [8, p. 83].

In the course of our research, lexicographic interpretations were considered not just to demonstrate the meaning of well-known devices. They are necessary to identify the nature of the cognitive structure behind the nomination of the simplest tools.

Here is an example of dictionary definitions of the simplest tools.

So, a spade is represented as «деревянное или металлическое орудие с рукояткой и нижним широким плоским концом, предназначенное для копания, сгребания че-

го-либо и т. п.» [2*, p. 355] - (a wooden or metal tool with a handle and a lower wide flat end, designed for digging, raking something, etc.) In the dictionary of P. Y. Chernykh, we find a clarification that this is «орудие труда с длинной рукояткой,

обычно металлическим концом» [3*, p. 490] - (a tool with a long handle, usually a metal end).

In the large academic dictionary, an axe is described as a tool «для рубки и тесания в виде деревянной, насаженной на рукоятку стальной с острым лезвием лопасти с одной стороны и утолщенной частью, обухом, с другой» [2*, p. 644] - (for chopping and cutting in the form of a wooden, steel blade impaled on a handle with a sharp blade on one side and a thickened part, the butt, on the other).

As follows from the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov, a saw is «стальная зубчатая пластина для разрезания дерева, металла, камня и других материалов» [4*, p. 457] - (a steel toothed plate for cutting wood, metal, stone and other materials).

The most typical idea of a saw is described in the dictionary of P. Y. Chernykh: «ра-

бочий инструмент, сконструированный в виде стальной полосы с нарезными на нем зубьями для разрезания преимущественно древесины» [3*, p. 32] – (a working tool designed in the form of a steel strip with threaded teeth for cutting mainly wood).

Based on the definitions of Russian explanatory dictionaries, we can say that tools in the minds of speech carriers have a certain appearance: design-handle, tight end, thickened part, butt, plate, teeth; size-wide; material of manufacture-wooden, metal, steel; degree of sharpness-sharp; shape-toothed. The function is expressed by the purpose: for digging, raking, chopping, cutting, cutting.

42

Taking into account the fact that "the national specificity of the meaning of a language lexeme is determined only by comparison with another language" [9, p.160], we, for our part, turned to the analysis of English lexemes in order to compare the features of the lexical tools meaning in Russian and English and determine the similarities and differences.

So, the definition of a spade looks like this:

"a tool mostly for digging and cutting ground, turf, etc., which has iron blade, sharp edge and wooden handle, used with both hands" [5*, p.834];

The principle of working with a spade can be specified, as shown in the following example:

the spade is inserted into the ground by pressing the foot: "for pushing into the ground with the foot" [7*, p.1009].

Let's present one of the characteristic interpretations of the axe:

Axe - "a tool with wooden handle and a heavy metal blade on the end used for chopping wood, cutting down trees" [6*, p. 71];

The following example shows how the saw works and how it is applied:

«a tool with a long blade with sharp teeth on one of the edges. It is moved backwards and forwards by hand and is used for cutting wood, metal, etc. " [6*, p. 1044].

A saw can be represented as follows:

"a row of V-shaped teeth on the edge" [7*, p. 929].

After analyzing the English definitions, we can distinguish the following features of tools: design-blade, handle, teeth; size-long; material of manufacture-iron, wooden; degree of sharpness-sharp; severity: heavy; shape-V-shaped. The function is expressed as: for digging and cutting, for chopping wood, cutting down trees. The principle of operation of the tool is specified: used with both hands, for pushing into the ground with the foot, moved backwards and forwards by hand.

Lexicographic interpretations clearly illustrate that the design features and functional purpose of the simplest tools are described with maximum detail in both Russian and English, such as the device and design (handle, blade), the function of tools (for chopping wood), although they seem to be well known to everyone from childhood and do not need a detailed interpretation. This feature may be related to the statement about the interdependence between the semantic space of the language and the knowledge that people have about what surrounds them. "Nothing other than the human factor, that is, the attitude of a person to any object or phenomenon of the world at a certain level of mastering this world, explains

... the peculiarity of its description, reflecting the practical application of the corresponding object" [10, p. 32].

The most common and accessible areas of life are described in particular detail in various written sources. The simpler and clearer the tool, the more detailed it is verbalized in dictionary definitions. The most thorough lexicographic definitions describe subjects that are not related to professional knowledge, but to the simplest devices and often used in everyday life. According to L. V. Shcherba, it is enough to designate the word “spool” as one of the

43