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In English lexicography dictionaries of phraseological units are called dictionaries of idioms. Such dictionaries are published in the leading British publishing houses. They are presented in printed and online formats.

Among monolingual dictionaries there are Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms / ed. by J. Ayto (Oxford University Press, 2010, 416 p.), Cambridge Idioms Dictionary (Cambridge University Press, 2015. 505 p.), Collins Cobuild Idioms Dictionary (HarperCollins Publishers, 2012, 514 p.) and others.

There are also bilingual phraseological dictionaries (English-Russian and RussianEnglish) in which English phraseological units and their Russian translations / correspondences are presented. Among these dictionaries the following dictionaries can be distinguished:

Kuzmin S. S. Russian-English Phraseological Dictionary of Translator. M.: Flint, 2006. Litvinov P. P. English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary. M.: VAKO, 2005.

Gurevich N. L., Dozorets J. A. Russian-English Phraseological Dictionary. M.: Eksmo,

2005.

Particularly famous in bilingual phraseological lexicography is the dictionary of A. V. Kunin Big English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary that has survived a large number of new editions and remains one of the most popular dictionaries that provide information about English phraseological units and their Russian correspondences.

Research methodology.

Object and Subject of Research. The object of the study is the phraseological units of the English language and their lexicographic reflection in various types of publications. The subject of research is the principles of registering phraseological units in dictionaries.

Study Material. The research material includes Big English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin, English-English dictionary Cambridge Idioms Dictionary and reference book on English phraseology English Idioms in Use. Advanced by O’Dell F., McCarthy M.

Research Methods. The following methods were used in the article: theoreticallylinguistic analysis of literature, comparative and collocation method, dictionary criticism, continuous sampling method.

The Results of the Study.

Before speaking about the dictionaries of phraseological units which in the English lexicographic tradition are called idiom dictionaries one should consider the features of phraseological units, and what makes them different from common vocabulary.

Phraseologism is a set expression with an independent meaning close to idiomatic [1 **, p. 857].

According to S. Gris, when considering the problems of phraseology and phraseological units the following parameters should be taken into account: 1) the nature of components included in a phraseological unit; 2) the number of components of Ph. U.; 3) the degree of lexical and syntactic mobility in phraseological units [2, p. 4].

There are a number of features that distinguish phraseological from ordinary words. These are the following:

1.a broader meaning in comparison with a single unit: blue blood – aristocracy, have seen it all before – experienced, experienced a lot, let things slide – carelessly, with a low degree of quality, etc.;

2.the complexity of a phraseological unit: this fact is related to the separate form of phraseological units: each component of phraseological unit contributes semes to its general meaning (for example, miss the target – not achieving the desired result);

3.abstraction: phraseological units with a quantitative meaning do not denote a pure amount: thin on the ground, just enough, could count sth on (the fingers of) one hand – not enough; more than enough, a dime a dozen – a lot;

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4.connotativity (emotionality, expressiveness, evaluativity): phraseologism does not only name a person, concept, feature, but contains assessment: milk-and-water girl –a prim girl with philistine horizons, not adapted for life; on the naughty step –possessing, in the opinion of others, low moral and professional qualities;

5.anthropocentricity: focus on the person. Phraseologisms characterize a person or speak of something from the point of view of a person [3, p. 10-11].

In addition, phraseological units become a reflection of the lifestyle and thinking of each civilization, national values associated with the characteristic features of every nation [4, p. 17].

A lot of phraseological units go back to folk metaphors, similes and metonymies. These figurative expressions arise in the minds of people as a result of the perception of reality facts, as well as social life and the influence of the geographical environment [5, p. 204].

Until now the problem of the inclusion of proverbs into phraseological fund remains unclear. A proverb is a sentence that can be metaphorical or non-metaphorical, with or without alliteration. A proverb expresses a well-known truth, which is confirmed by experience [6, p. 237].

Some scholars (V.V. Vinogradov, A.V. Kunin, T.Z. Cherdantseva) consider proverbs to be part of the phraseological stock, while other scholars (N.N. Amosova, V.P. Zhukov, A.I. Molotkov) do not include proverbs into phraseological stock of the language. According to the latter group of researchers, proverbs are not included into phraseology because their semantic content is based on judgments, not concepts, and they can be used in literal and figurative meanings.

However, there are also arguments in favour of including proverbs into phraseological lexicon. They are their reproducibility in speech, they are not created in the process of communication, but are extracted from the memory, and it is also impossible to change the components included into a phraseological unit [6, p. 241].

Proverbs are communicative phraseological units that have context-independent meaning. At the same time their form can change under the influence of strategy and tactics of a particular discourse [7, p. 110].

In our study we consider proverbs to be a part of phraseological stock because they keep cultural heritage of the nation and are reproduced in speech in the form in which they are registered in the source (for example, in the dictionary).

In linguistics there is a term phraseological worldview, considered as part of a holistic linguistic worldview. This is a worldview expressed by the phraseological means of the language. The phraseological worldview contains person’s knowledge of the world, his ideas about the world order. This knowledge appears as a result of imaginative rethinking [8, p. 209210].

Let us move to the study of phraseological units based on the materials of the abovementioned dictionaries: Big English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin, Eng- lish-English dictionary Cambridge Idioms Dictionary and a reference manual on English phraseology English Idioms in Use. Advanced.

The first analyzed dictionary is English-Russian dictionary by A.V. Kunin [1 *, p. 5]. First of all we will consider the author’s classification of Ph. U. by A.V. Kunin, based on their function in communication, which is determined by structural and semantic characteristics of phraseological units:

I. nominative phraseological units perform the function of naming, i.e. designating objects, phenomena, actions, states and qualities. Among them the following subgroups can be distinguished:

•substantive phraseological units: a dog in the manger;

•adjective phraseological units (mean quality): long in the tooth;

•adverbial phraseologocal units: out of a blue sky;

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (30), 2020 ISSN 2587-8093

• prepositional phraseological units (perform a connecting function as they establish connections between words of a substantive nature): at the head of.

II. nominative-communicative units are verbal phraseological units that perform the nominative function: to carry the day.

This type includes verbal phraseological units, fully or partially rethought by motivated or unmotivated constructions. These are comparative phraseological units: work like a horse.

III. interjectional phraseological units - generalized constructions of emotions and expression of will. Their essence is that they express either a person’s attitude to the objects of the outside world, or to himself/herself: by the Lord Harry, sakes alive!

IV. communicative phraseological units are phraseological units that are completely predictive sentences. These include proverbs and sayings, for example,

The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

He should have a long spoon that sups with the devil [9].

Using continuous sampling method phraseological units from the dictionary by A.V. Kunin were chosen and then divided into groups according to the function of phraseological units in communication.

1) nominative: substantive:

a bag of fruit – australian, slang costume; the King’s Bench - separation of the royal bench of the High Court; a blaze of publicity – full publicity; confusion of tongues - mixing of languages (bibl.); flotsam and jetsam – all sorts of things, leftovers, debris.

In the subgroup of substantive phraseological units phraseological units in which the proper name becomes the nuclear component are separately distinguished:

David and Jonathan – David and Jonathan, inseparable friends; Aladdin’s lamp – Aladdin's magic lamp, a mascot that fulfills all the wishes of its owner;

adjective: arty and crafty – joke. col. pretentious, artsy, as round as a ball – round like a ball, as miserable as a bandicoot – australian, col. unhappy, miserable, as bare as a bone – completely empty, as bare as the palm of one's hand , as brown as a berry – very dark, tanned, chocolate-colored, as black as night – darker than the clouds;

adverbial: at a good bat – very fast, at a fast pace; on behalf of smb – on behalf of someone else; in all conscience – honestly speaking, truthfully speaking; between two days – amer. at night; all day long – all day; (down) in the dumps – col. discouraged, in a bad mood; in the seventh heaven – in the seventh heaven (from happiness, joy); down at the heels – poorly, miserably dressed; like a lamplighter – headlong, very fast, instant (rarely used); at short notice – in a short time.

2)nominative-communicative: take advantage – use something to your advantage, misuse, go bail (for smth) - vouch (for anything), draw a bead on smb (or smth) - take aim, get a blow – breathe, ventilate, keep smth on the boil – not to give give smth. loosen, sharpen, warm up.

3)interjection: God knows! (= the Lord knows!) - God knows him! Who knows!, a bag of fruit - costume, arty and crafty (also arty-and-crafty) - pretentious, artsy (especially about furniture) [comes from the name Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society].

4)communicative phraseological units:

proverb. Art is long, life is short.

proverb. Beauty and folly are old companions. proverb. A beggar can never be bankrupt.

proverb. If you cannot have the best, make the best of what toy have. proverb. Blood is thicker than water.

proverb. Who has never tasted bitter, knows not what is sweet. Dictionary entries in the reference book are presented as follows: a bag of fruit australian. slang. costume.

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... when you fall, flat on your puss in the mud, and you’re wearing your best b a g o f f r u i t - you have, my friend, “come a gutzer”. (J. O’Grady, ‘Aussie English’) [1 *, p. 60].

Arty and crafty (also arty-and-crafty) unleash pretentious, artsy (especially about furniture) [comes from the name Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society].

T h e a r t y a n d c r a f t y furniture that is uncomfortable in use ... the modern house in which no man can be at ease. (‘Saturday Review’, Nov. 7, 1925) [1 *, p. 51].

An undoubted advantage is the introduction to the structure of the article not only the translated equivalent, but also Russian phraseological units, similar to those recorded in the dictionary entry:

in the dumps col. in despondency, in a bad mood, in a depressed state; down in the mouth.

‘Well!’ Blustered Mr. Bounderby, ‘what’s the matter? What is young Thomas i n t h e d u m p s about?’ (Ch. Dickens,‘ Hard Times ’, ch. IV) [1 *, p. 229].

The microstructure to the proverb includes the proverb in English, its literal translation, its Russian equivalent as well as an illustrative example:

Blood is thicker than water prov. Blood is not water.

Relatives are awful…they have the monstrous impudence to pretend that you ought to love them. ‘B l o o d i s t h i c k e r t h a n w a t e r ’ , they say sententiously. (R. Aldington, ‘Death of a Hero’, part II) [1*, с. 90].

The addressee of this dictionary include Russian-speaking users learning English. The absence of a definition in the structure of a dictionary entry becomes a certain disadvantage of the reference book as it could help the user understand in a better way in what context it would be reasonable to use a phraseological unit. However, the advantage is that the sphere of the unit use is given: arty and crafty (especially about furniture).

Thus, the microstructure of the dictionary by A.V. Kunin includes a phraseological unit in bold, a translation equivalent, an illustrative example with a source, and a translation of the example. The system of additional semantic and functional characteristics is represented by the developed label set: stylistic, regional ones. Some dictionary entries also include etymological labels and an indication of the origin of the lexical unit.

The sources of illustrative examples are, as a rule, literary works or citations from the press. Living sources of illustrative examples also allow us to follow the functioning of the lexical unit.

The inclusion of an equivalent of phraseological units in another language is of particular importance. However, most of the phraseological units in one language have no full analogues in other languages, which is associated with national-cultural identity, as well as the mismatch of the technique of secondary nomination [10, p. 37].

Now we will study features of phraseological units reflection in English-English publications, the addressee of which are both native speakers and those studying English as a foreign language. One of the authoritative and popular reference manuals in this subject area is Cambridge Idioms Dictionary [2 *, p. 11]. Its macrostructure is organized in alphabetical order. First a nuclear element is presented and then phraseological units in which this element is used

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are given. This approach allows users to find a necessary phraseologism on the basis of a keyword.

An interesting category of phraseological units recorded in the reference book are phraseological units-euphemisms. These are units that are neutral in terms of their emotional component and which replace inappropriate or indecent expressions on a number of topics:

1)death: bite the dust (to be killed), meet one’s maker (to die), push up daisies (to be dead, to lie in the ground);

2)cursing: four-letter word (obscene word), pardon one’s French (sorry for the expres-

sion);

3)pregnancy: in the family way (in an interesting condition), up the spout (pregnant), up the duff (to be pregnant).

All phraseological units registered in the dictionary can be divided into several thematic groups:

1)food: square meals (thick meal), on the hoof (in a hurry), to get the munchies (to get

hungry);

2)travel: to make a move (set off), to hit the road (set off for a voyage), behind the wheel;

3)family and family relationships: one's flesh and blood, one's nearest and dearest (closest relatives), to run in the family (to inherit), a chip off the old block (he is in our breed);

4)friends and friendship: to get on like a house on fire (quickly and easily make friends), to live in each other's pockets (inseparable friends), through thick and thin (both in grief and in joy), a tower of strength (reliable support);

5)health: to be under the weather (to feel bad), a clean bill of health (to be healthy), right as a rain (to be in perfect order), as fit as a fiddle (healthy as a bull);

6)money and making money: to bring home the bacon (to succeed), one’s bread and butter (livelihood), with no expense spared (not being stingy);

7)work: make a killing (quickly make money), corner the market (monopolize the market), a high-flier (a speculative share ) and other thematic groups of phraseological units.

Polygraphic semiotics of the dictionary should be mentioned. The vocabulary item is highlighted in bold and presented on a blue background that immediately attracts attention of the user. In addition, phraseologism, in which a given word becomes one of the elements, is highlighted in blue font that also allows the user to find visually the required vocabulary unit. Illustrative examples to phraseological units are given in italics.

raspberry

blow a raspberry (make a distinctive sound) British and Australian, informal to make a rude noise by putting your tongue between your lips and blowing.

(often + at) A boy of no more than six appeared, b l e w a r a s p b e r r y at me and then ran away [2 *, p. 338].

An important point is the introduction of regional label into the microstructure, which allows the user to get acquainted with the vocabulary features of a particular variant of the English language.

Microstructure also includes stylistic labels (e.g., formal / informal, modern or outdat- ed/old-fashioned). This allows users to understand in what context and in what situation a lexical unit can be used.

be / go (out) on the razzle (party)

to enjoy yourself by doing things like going to parties or dances. In some cases the explanation of the lexical unit origin is provided: be in the doldrums (in decline)

1.if a business, an economy or a person’s job is in the doldrums, it is not very successful and nothing now is happening in it.  The doldrums as the name for an

area of sea where ships were not able to move because there was no wind. In some cases phraseological units are expressed by a sentence:

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Why break the habit of a lifetime?

You can’t make bricks without straw.

When / While the cat’s away (the mice will play).

Children should be seen and not heard. Curiosity killed the cat.

Some vocabulary entries also include graphic illustrations (catch some rays (to sunbathe), send chills down / up sb’s spine (irritate someone), a couch potato (homestay)). Such illustrations help a person to visualize the idiom.

Idioms with the opposite meaning also are registered at the end of the dictionary entry: strike a blow for sth / sb

to do something to support an idea or to change a situation to something which you believe is good.

He claims to be s t r i k i n g a b l o w f o r gender equality by employing an equal number of men and women. This latest agreement will strike a blow for free trade within the EU [2 *, p. 405].

opposite strike a blow against / at sth / sb (to counter anyone)

The court’s decision s t r i k e s a b l o w a g a i n s t minority rights [2 *, p. 405].

Thus, microstructure in the dictionary includes the following elements: a vocabulary unit, a definition, labels (stylistic, regional, grammatical, etymological), an illustrative example, and also in some cases a graphic illustration. As it was mentioned earlier, the addressee of this dictionary includes both native English speakers and English learners. Since all the information in the dictionary is presented in English, including information about the vocabulary item, examples, its definition, the addressee of the dictionary are not beginners studying English, but users whose level of knowledge of the language is intermediate and above intermediate. The registration of a nuclear element of phraseological units at the beginning of the dictionary entry is convenient and allows users to get acquainted with several phraseological units in which the given word functions.

Not only phraseological dictionaries, but also educational phraseological manuals with special exercises for mastering phraseological vocabulary are of great importance among modern publications in which phraseological units are registered. Users can learn phraseological units in context.

It should be understood that the knowledge of phraseological units by students contributes to the development of a holistic view of the language culture and in addition, it becomes part of the curriculum [11, p. 122].

Educational publications of this kind include English Idioms in Use by O’Dell F., McCar-

thy.

This publication includes several manuals designed for users who speak English on different levels (for example, Intermediate, Advanced). Our study focuses on English Idioms in Use. Advanced [3 *, p. 15].

This reference manual is designed for level C1-C2 of the European scale of levels of English proficiency.

In this manual the following phraseological groups are registered: similes: as thin as a rake, as bright as a button, as clear as crystal; binomials: neck and neck, black and blue, little by little;

proverbs: Every cloud has a silver lining. Necessity is the mother of invention. It never rains but it pours;

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cliché and fixed expressions: Look on the bright side (look for positive points in everything). Enough is as good as a feast.

In contrast with the traditional dictionary in which microstructure is structured according to certain principles: vocabulary unit, translation and / or definition, illustrative example and labels, here phraseological units are divided into different thematic groups: food, society, daily routine, business, work, etc. All registered lexical items are united into separate tables. Each table includes three columns: phraseological unit, example and meaning. It looks like this:

Table 1

Phraseological Units Organization

One of the advantages of this reference manual is the introduction of illustrative examples to help understand the functioning of the phraseological unit in speech:

I would give my right hand for a job in the film industry. I’ve always loved the movies

(would very much like to have).

The developed system of exercises to check the acquisition of phraseological units meanings deserves special attention. These exercises are of the following types:

1) correct an error in phraseological unit:

Melissa is head and hair above her brother when it comes to maths (the correct option is head and shoulders meaning ‘a lot better’);

2)rewrite the sentence, using the necessary phraseological unit in it (in brackets a lexeme that is one of the elements is given):

I do not know why they are accusing me. - I am not guilty (finger) (to point out the finger at - accuse of being responsible for) (I don’t know why they blame me. - I’m not guilty (finger) (blame anyone);

3)read the statement and answer the question:

Who said something that was below the belt?

A separate group is made up of idioms of British and American English, which have the same meaning, but different forms of expression:

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It should be noted that despite the presence of various phraseological units in British and American variants, their constant characteristic is the presence of a common core functioning in both variants [12, p. 118].

Separate part of new idioms in the manual is of much importance. These are idioms that have appeared recently and are closely connected with certain people or events. Here are some examples of them:

In contrast with the traditional dictionary, which, as a rule, provides a list of vocabulary units with dictionary entries, phraseological units in English Idioms in Use. Advanced are presented in the tables, which include several columns: phraseological unit – example – meaning. In the column devoted to the meaning, stylistic label is also provided allowing user to understand in what situation this item can be used. This material organization is convenient for the addressee. It is especially good to use this reference manual for educational purposes, in language classes. A convenient system of exercises makes it especially popular among students of English.

Conclusion.

Thus, the analysis of three idioms dictionaries allows us to draw the following conclusions. Currently phraseography is developing in a fast way. Its object is lexicographic description of phraseology. Speaking about phraseology, one of the most important questions is the inclusion of proverbs in phraseological stock. At the moment there is still no consensus on this issue. In our study we consider proverbs to be part of phraseological system because they reflect cultural heritage of the nation and are reproduced in speech in their form, without inclusion or removal of certain elements.

The analysis showed that the microstructure organization and inclusion of certain components in its composition is determined by the following factors: the addressee of the dictionary, the level of language proficiency, and also the type of reference book.

The microstructure of English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin is standard and includes a vocabulary unit, a translation equivalent, as well as a developed label system: regional, stylistic and etymological characteristics. This dictionary is addressed at Rus- sian-speaking users, therefore, the dictionary entry does not include an English definition, but

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only a translation into Russian. On the one hand, it contributes to understanding, but, on the other hand, makes it difficult to understand completely a unit meaning and its usage in speech.

The addressee of English-English dictionary Cambridge Idioms Dictionary are both Eng- lish-speaking users and students of English having an intermediate and advanced level. In contrast with the reference book by A.V. Kunin, the microstructure of Cambridge Dictionary includes definition of a lexical unit that allows users to understand its use in speech. Dictionary entries also include stylistic, regional and grammatical labels. The dictionary is characterized by vivid polygraphic semiotics, as well as the inclusion of graphic illustrations in the microstructure.

Among the analyzed publications English Idioms in Use. Advanced by O’Dell F., McCarthy M. is distinguished. This manual on phraseology is of educational direction. This academic orientation is manifested in the thematic organization of phraseological units, a system of developed exercises aiming at checking students’ knowledge of phraseological units. This reference manual does not include usual dictionary entries, but there are tables of phraseological units with illustrative examples, definitions, stylistic and regional characteristics.

References

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[5]Molodikh E. A. Kommunikativno-pragmaticheskaya rol’ frazeologismov pri translyatshii yazikovoy kartini mira V. Skotta // Vestnik VGU. Seriya “Lingvistika i mezhkulturnaya kommunikatsiya”. – № 2.– 2010. – s. 204-209.

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[7]Antonova I.V. Dinamika kommunikativnoy frazeologii sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika (uchebnoe posobie) // Mezhdunarodniy zhurnal prikladnikh i fundamentalnikh issledovaniy. – № 9. – 2012. – s. 110-111.

[8]Shkatova V.V. Frazeologicheskaya kartina mira kak ob’ekt lingvisticheskogo izucheniya //Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A. S. Pushkina. – Tom 7. № 1. – 2012. – s. 208-215.

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Analyzed sources

[1*] Kunin A. V. Bolshoy anglo-russkiy frazeologicheskiy slovar’.– M.: Russkiy yazikMedia, 2005. – 1214 s.

[2*] Cambridge Idioms Dictionary. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. – 505 p. [3*] O’Dell F., McCarthy M. English Idioms in Use. Advanced.– Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2010. – 186 p.

Dictionaries used

[1**] Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N. Yu. Tolkoviy slovar russkogo yazika: 80000 slov i frazeologicheskiy virazheniy. – M.: A Temp, 2013. – 874 s.

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