Учебное пособие 1681

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (28), 2020 ISSN 2587-8093

* f a r a n - ; * f a r j a n - , * f a r m a - z , * f ō r ō ; * f á r ɵ i - z / * f a r d í - z , * f a r t i - z , * f i r [ ɵ ] u z , * f u r d ú - z , * f a r i l a - z t r a v e l , g o b y s e a ; f o r d п у т е ш е с т в о -

в а т ь , и д т и п о м о р ю ; п е р е п р а в а , acting as an additional confirmation of the high mobility of the Germans at all times of their existence.

Then the relay race take 9 roots with a frequency of 19:

* f l i u g á n - , c a u s . * f l a u g i á n - v b . ; * f l u g í - z , * f l u g i l a - z ; * f l i u g ṓ n , * f l i u g i ṓ n , * f l u g ṓ n ; * f l u x t i - z ; * f l u g j a - f l y л е т а т ь ;

* m a n - , * m u n z - , * m a n ō n - v b . , * m i n ɵ i ō , * m i n d i ō , * m u n d i - , * m u n t = , e t c . t h i n k , c o n s i d e r д у м а т ь , п р и з н а в а т ь ;

п р а в ы й ;

* b ī t a n - v b . ; * b a i t i a n - v b . ; * b a i t i s l a - n , ? * b a i s l a - n ; * b i t ē n ; * b i t r a - ; * b a i t s k a - z ; * b i t i - z ; * b a i t i l a - z ; * b i t i n g ō ; * b i t j ē n ; * b ī t = ;

* b a i t r a - ; * b a i t ō ( n ) ; * b a i t i a - n b i t e у к у с и т ь ;

* b ō w a n - ? v b . , * b ū w a n - , * b u w w i á n - v b . , * b ū - , * b ū w i - z , * b ō ɵ l a - , * b u ɵ l a - , * b ō ɵ ō , * b ō w i - z , * b u ɵ ō , * b ū r a - e t c . ; * b ṓ l a - n , * b ṓ l i a - n l i v e , d w e l l ж и т ь , п р е б ы в а т ь ;

* x a b á n - , * x a b ḗ n - v b . ; * x a b j á n - / * x á f j a n - v b . , * x a b ṓ ( n ) ; * x a f t a - , * x a f t a - , * x a f t u ; * x a f t i a - n ; * x a f s k ō n - v b . , * x a b ī ́g = / * x a b ú g = , * x ē [ f ] i a - h a v e и м е т ь ;

* x á u x a - / * x a u g á - ; * x a u g á - z ; * x u g i l a - z ; * x í u x m ē n ; * x ú x j a n - v b . ; * x ū k = , * x u k r = h i g h , h i l l , h o o k e d в ы с о к и й , х о л м и с т ы й , к р ю ч к о в а -

т ы й ;

* b i r a n - , * b a r w i ō ( n ) , * b ē r ō ( n ) , * b u r ɵ i - z , - ī , - i ō n ; * b u r j ō ( n ) ; * b a r ō n - v b . , * b ē r j a - c a r r y н е с т и ;

* s p ī w a n - ; * s p ū t i a n - , * s p ū t ō n - , e t c . s p i t п л е в а т ь , в ы п л е в ы в а т ь . As can be seen from the examples, the priorities are the concepts of movement, mental

activity, possession, life and stay.

For a general account of the activity of pragerman roots within a specific time period, it is advisable to switch from absolute to relative values and introduce into the study such an indicator as the Pragerman root activity index. IndActPgK = S / Q, where S is the sum of the average weights of pragerman roots, and Q is the total number of pragerman roots.

To do this, resort to calculating the average weight of the root in each period. The average root weight is obtained by dividing the number of occurrences of the root in languages by the number of languages considered. If in the ancient period the root entered 5 out of 9 languages, then its average weight is 5/9 or 0,56. The sum of the average root weights in one period is S. The total number of pragerman roots is Q (1990). Dividing S by Q gives the coefficient of the pragerman substrate in each period (row 3 in table 7). Present data on the indices of activity of the pragerman root in a specific time period in Table 7.

Table 7 Pragerman root activity index by periods

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (28), 2020 ISSN 2587-8093

According to the table, in the ancient period, an average of 41% of the potential of Pragerman roots was used, in the Middle Ages there was a decline to 34%, in the modern world, the activity of Pragerman roots increased and exceeded the threshold of 50%. IndActPgK is an indicator not only of a quantitative order, but also of a qualitative one, since it helps to explicate one of the aspects of German word formation - the variability of the root potential, which, in turn, can serve as an occasion for constructing hypotheses and research.

So, for example, it can be assumed that the activity index of the Pragerman root will be constant regardless of the increase in the number of languages presented. Obtaining data on the IndActPgK indicator opens up prospects for further research: comparing the obtained index with the index of the expanded field of Germanic languages, using IndActPgK to examine the potential of Germanic languages in diachrony, a similar indicator for other groups of IndoEuropean languages would be no less interesting.

Diachronic laws are processes, i.e., laws of change that occur over time. The result of any process, extended in time, is the result at the last moment of consideration. In the proposed study, the result of the path traversed by pragerman roots, it is logical to call their use today, regardless of their «fading» or low activity in previous periods, with the caveat of the variability of this situation. In modern Germanic languages 1716 units of the pragerman fund are in demand; IndActPgK in the modern Germanic language space is 0,54.

Conclusion

The relevance of diachronic studies of languages is hardly doubtful, but source materials covering the ancient period of the existence of languages, as well as the history of native peoples, are scarce. In turn, careful diverse studies of these sources open the curtain of history and help to discover valuable facts and patterns.

An attempt to assess the potential of the pragerman substrate in diachrony is preceded by a correlation of the etymological sources of the pra-Indo-European root fund in general and pragerman in particular. The advantage of electronic databases due to their accessibility and edibility becomes obvious. Interpretability of information is achieved by introducing the Russian equivalent of the pragerman roots in question.

Comparison of data from the history of Germanic languages gives reason (not always indisputable) to establish their conditional statuses (ancient, medieval, modern). Periods of consideration of pragerman roots have similar names.

The distribution of pragerman root activity by periods and special calculations result in three kernels in which the root activity is viewed from the highest point to «zero». Accounting for peak root activity shows that in the core of the modern period 23% of the Pragerman root fund are active in 6 of 6 languages, while in the ancient period the maximum activity is 0,08%, in the Middle Ages – 0,005%.

According to indicators of total weight in three cores, the root is recognized as the dominant of three eras* f a r a n - ; * f a r j a n - , * f a r m a - z , * f ō r ō ; * f á r ɵ i - z / * f a r d í - z , * f a r t i - z , * f i r [ ɵ ] u z , * f u r d ú - z , * f a r i l a - z t r a v e l , g o b y s e a ; f o r d п у -

т е ш е с т в о в а т ь , и д т и п о м о р ю ; п е р е п р а в а , having the maximum frequency. The account of the potential of the Pragerman fund becomes confirmed and visual thanks

to the introduction of the Pragerman Root Activity Index (IndActPgK), whose indicators in the periods from ancient to modern are 0,41; 0,34 and 0,54.

The maximum activity in modern Germanic languages is possessed by many of the 1716 pragerman roots, which confirms the high derivational potential of the pragerman substrate in Germanic languages on the one hand, and on the other hand, the relative stability of its composition.

Chronological etymological analysis helps to determine the basic principles of word formation, thereby deepening the possibility of penetration into the semantics of a linguistic sign. The results of the proposed analysis complement the system descriptions of the internal reserves of pragerman vocabulary, the determination of the new coordinates of which allows us

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to judge the trajectory of the word-formation process of Germanic languages. The obtained data can be used in the course of a similar study on the expanded field of Germanic languages, in studying the word formation of Germanic languages, as well as in considering the languages of other Indo-European groups in diachrony.

References

[1]Sreznevskij I.I. Mysli ob istorii russkogo yazyka / I.I. Sreznevskij. – M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. – 136 s.

[2]Mel'nikov G.P. Sistemnyj podhod k lingvistike / G.P. Mel'nikov // Sistemnye issledovaniya. Ezhegodnik. – 1972. – M.: Nauka, 1972. – S. 184-198].

[3]Kretov A.A. Principy vydeleniya yadra leksiko-semanticheskoj sistemy. Semantika slova i sintaksicheskoj konstrukcii / A.A. Kretov // Mezhvuz. sb. nauch. trudov. – Voronezh, 1987. – S. 84-93.)

[4]Boduen de Kurtene I.A. Izbrannye trudy po obshchemu yazykoznaniyu / I.A. Boduen de Kurtene // TT. 1-2, M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1963. – 384 i 392 s.

[5]Zvegincev V.A. Istoriya yazykoznaniya XIX - XX vekov v ocherkah i izvlecheniyah. Ch. 2 / Zvegincev V. A. – Moskva: Prosveshchenie, 1965. – 496 s.

[6]Yakushina M.A. Istoriya sozdaniya i analiz indoevropejskih sravnitel'noistoricheskih slovarej: avtoreferat dis. ... kand. filol. Nauk / M.A. Yakushina. – SanktPeterburg, 1993. – 18 s.

[7]Kretov A.A. Stupenchatyj indoevropejskij slovar'» kak tochka nauchnogo rosta i konsolidacii fakul'teta / A.A. Kretov // Yazyk, kommunikaciya i social'naya sreda. – № 15. – Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2017. – S. 41-50.

[8] Kazakova T.A. Parametricheskij analiz nemeckoj leksiki / T.A. Kazakova. – Voronezh: Nauchnaya kniga, 2011. – 199 s.

[9]Kretov A.A. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie aspkty sozdaniya morfemnogo slovarya / A.A. Kretov // VESTNIK VGU. Ser. Lingvistika i mezhkul'turnaya kommunikaciya. – № 2. – Voronezh, 2002. – S.57-64.

[10]Titov V.T. Obshchaya kvantitativnaya leksikologiya romanskih yazykov / V.T. Titov. – Voronezh: Izd-vo VGU, 2002. – 240 s.

[11]Ramat P. The Germanic Languages / P. Ramat. // The Indo-European Languages. – London – New York: Routledge, 1998. – 526 p.

[12]Admoni V.G. Istoriko-tipologicheskaya morfologiya germanskih yazykov: Imennye formy glagola. Kategoriya narechiya. Monofleksiya / V.G. Admoni, V.N. Yarceva. – M.: Nauka, 1978. – 178 s.

[13]Streitberg W. Urgermanische Grammatik / W. Streiberg. – Hdlb, 1900. – 372 p.

[14]Guhman M.M. Istoriko-tipologicheskaya morfologiya germanskih yazykov:

Fonomorfologiya. Paradigmatika. Kategoriya imeni. / Pod red. M.M. Guhman. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – 360 s.

Analyzed sources

[1*] Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch / J. Pokorny. – Bern; Franke. – 1959. – 364 r.

[2*] Starostin S.A., Nikolaev S.L. Indoevropejskij etimologicheskij slovar'. – URL: http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?root=config (data obrashcheniya 09.01.2020).

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chen. 3 volumes. / Ed. By J. Pokorny. – Berlin: de Gruyter. – 1928-1932. – 877, 716, 274 p.

UDC 81'42

STATISTICAL AND POSITIONAL ASPECT OF ANALYZING

A DISINFORMING MEDIA TEXT

M.A. Samkova

____________________________________________________________________________

Chelyabinsk State University

Candidate of Philological Science, Associate Professor at the Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language

Maria Andreevna Samkova

e-mail: maria_samkova@hotmail.com

____________________________________________________________________________

Problem statement. This article analyzes the disinforming media texts, which cover the hacker attack on the US electricity grid, and the readers’ comments on them. The analysis is based on a probabilistic-statistical aspect and the positional analysis.

Results. The positional analysis results in revealing the rhythmic organization of texts, the structure of which is formed by lexical units, repeated approximately every 70-90 words. The most frequent are pragmatically meaningful lexemes that violate the Cooperative Principle and the Maxims of Conversation. The lexemes generate cognitive distortions and stimulate readers to express verbal aggression in their comments. Pragmatically meaningful lexemes are words that are often repeated, enhance emotional speech, introduce redundant information or have a fuzzy meaning or negative connotation and belong to such thematic groups as "hacking", "destruction", "Russia", "electrical grid".

Conclusion. Media texts, in which incomplete and distorted information is repeated, cause readers’ speech aggression to the object/event as well as the author and the source of the media text. Media texts that are rhythmically structured and contain the optimal amount of inaccurate information (no more than nine repetitions of each pragmatically significant unit per 1000 words) facilitate manipulation of the perception.

Key words: media text, disinformation, reader’s comment, verbal aggression, positional analysis, repetition, pragmatically meaningful lexeme, Zipf's law.

For citation: Samkova M.A. Statistical and positional aspect of analyzing a disinforming media text / M.A. Samkova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2020. - № 1 (28). – P. 39 - 47.

Introduction

In the last ten years, the media discourse has transformed. The information in mass media meets the preferences, biases, and emotions of the target audience. These changes in the media discourse were influenced by alteration of the social order in different societies and

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© Samkova M.A., 2020

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technological progress. Due to bots, trolls, and algorithms that are based on consumer preferences, mass media began to adhere to a post-truth policy creating news. Public opinion is being formed through appeals to emotions while bare facts and arguments are ignored. As a result, mass media is turning out to be a source that often distributes fake news and disinformation. Disinformation means excessive inaccurate information and deliberately distorted and false information that corresponds to recipients’ preferences and expectations. The purpose of spreading disinformation is to mislead recipients. We came to this conclusion as a result of the analysis of definitions from the findings in papers of N. Grant, R. R. Garifullin, the dictionary edited by V. N. Konovalov, as well as the dictionary compiled by A. Ya. Antsupov and A. I. Shipilov [1; 2; 1**; 2**].

Methodology of the research

The subject of this research is the rhythmic organization of media texts that contain disinformation. The purpose of this article is to determine whether the rhythmic organization is coherent with the content of a disinforming media text, and how it contributes to the impact of disinformation on readers.

The data for the research are media texts that contain disinformation. It proved by the factual analysis by a fact-checking resource [3] and pragma-linguistic analysis that we conducted [4].

1.“Russia has developed a cyberweapon that can disrupt power grids, according to new research” [1*]. The fact-checking RT’s FakeCheck refutes the argument that hackers are aligned with the Russian government, as stated in the media text [1*], since the source the author cites and other sources do not confirm Russia’s involvement.

2.“Russian hackers penetrated U.S. electricity grid through a utility in Vermont, U.S. officials say” [2*]. In a later version, there is an editor’s note that an earlier version incorrectly claimed that Russian hackers had infiltrated the U.S. electricity system. Thus, these media texts contain disinformation.

Media texts [1*; 2*] are available at the website of the daily American newspaper Washington Post that influences the news feed and the public opinion in the United States. Many newspapers and other mass media cite this source. Therefore, the popularity of the news and the source itself is high.

The method used in this research is one of the probabilistic-statistical methods, i.e. the method of the positional analysis that identifies the rhythmic organization of a text and serves as a parameter to evaluate text impact on recipients’ perception. The article analyzes the spa- tial-temporal organization of the media texts and calculates the most frequent pragmatically significant lexical units in these texts, such as words with negative connotations, words and phrases that make statements vague and fuzzy, that may enhance some of text characteristics, or add extra information. Most often, these pragmatically significant lexical units violate the G. P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle and they are often repeated or synonymous to other words. Repetitions are structural elements that rhythmically organize a text. We will identify the rhythmic organization of the media texts using the method of the positional analysis and the metro-rhythmic matrix (Figure 1), calculating the ratio of the number of occurrences of pragmatically significant lexemes to the total volume of each media text.

The theoretical basis for the study of disinformation in the media discourse

The key functions of modern mass media include informing and influencing. The successful implementation of functions involves not only facts, rational and logical arguments, and conclusions but also suggestive techniques perceived subconsciously. The techniques can activate forced and involuntary attention addressing current problems and events, citing authoritative sources, arousing emotions and associations.

The most effective and least noticeable technique that affects perception is rhythm. A text should be analyzed as characterized by rhythmic ordering (G. G. Moskalchuk, N. A. Manakov and S. V. Boltayeva) [5, p. 57-63; 6, p. 10].

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Results of the research

Rhythm is a means of regulating the recipient’s involvement, organizing the text structure, which is created by repeating, in our case, pragmatically significant lexemes. We analyze both complete repetitions that are of word forms, and variable ones that are repetitions of words which have identical or similar semantics, for example, words derived from a pragmatically significant lexeme (hack – hacker, disrupt – disruption – disruptive), as well as synonyms (tailor – develop, modify) and contextual synonyms (the hackers aligned with Russia – the Russian government hackers – the same Russian group; hacking – meddling, incursion). The first use of a lexeme is called an antecedent of repetition [7, p. 8; 3**, p. 48], and the repeating element is called repetition in linguistics. When calculating, we consider both types – an antecedent and repetition.

The text influence is determined after analyzing popular reader comments, many of which contain speech aggression. Speech aggression is understood as “a form of speech behavior that is aimed at insulting or intentionally causing harm” [8, p. 96]. Following Yu. V.

Shcherbinina, E. N. Basovskaya, and P. Yu. Smirnov [9; 10; 11], we consider speech aggression as a verbal expression of negative emotions or intentions in a form that is unacceptable for the communicative situation. There are several means by which an aggressive tone of utterance is created. We focus on lexical means of speech aggression in readers’ comments as an indicator of the impact of a disinforming media text on the recipients’ perception.

Pragmatically significant lexemes are essential for perception since the process of distributing attention between objects that came into view as a result of their mention in a media text is not fully realized. Distributed with a certain frequency and in a certain sequence, pragmatically significant lexemes form the emotional background of a media text, create the effect of suggestion (non-critical perception) and memorizing information.

We cannot say for sure that the analyzed disinforming media texts have an absolute impact on every reader. There are a few readers who previously shared the opinion of the authors of the media texts. However, with the readers’ general negative attitude towards Russia and the current U.S. president, there is a high popularity of comments in which readers express verbal aggression towards the event described in the media text [1*] (a potential hacker attack on the U.S. power grid by Russia), or to the media text itself [2*], which refers to the penetration of Russian hackers into the U.S. electricity grid. In comments to the media text [2*], readers express doubts about the veracity of this news report and call this media text fake news. Some comments that are highly popular among readers, as they were liked, contain elements of speech aggression. These include: 1) negatively colored expressive vocabulary, mainly nouns and adjectives with negative connotations: stupid, destroy, retaliate, hack, extremist, ground up anti-Putin protestors, cheap rag; 2) an occasionalism formed from the names, surnames: Trumpty-Dumpty, WaFaux; 3) denomination, the use of nicknames, you-nomination, the negative nomination of addressees: under Don the con’s Russophile spell; 4) verbs with evaluative semantics: hate; 5) demonstrative pronouns: You trumpsuckers, You are no longer a news agency; 6) zoosemantic metaphors: disseminators shows its real teeth; 7) irony: “Russia has Developed a Cyberweapon…. And hIs initials are DJT”, “Ellen Nakashima has been watching way too many hack-the-world movies.”

Readers express their opinions in an ironic way, their comments abound in negatively colored vocabulary. Hypothetical ideas expressed in the media texts are perceived by commenters as a fait accompli. The lexemes and language tools listed above create a negative emotional tone and style that matches the readers’ emotional needs. On average, 30 % of comments to media texts contain speech aggression. 46 % of comments contain pragmatically significant lexemes borrowed from disinforming media texts. The high frequency of these lexemes improves their memorization.

In this article, we have attempted to combine the advantages of expert (linguistic) evaluation and formal indicators in the media text analysis considering the positional aspect.

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The positional aspect of the research of the media text rhythmic organization

A formal indicator specifies the objectivity of any analysis. The method of the positional analysis [12, p. 49] can determine the method of distribution of pragmatically significant lexical units that violate the Cooperative Principle in a media text and identify the rhythmic organization of a media text as one of the means of influence on reader’s perception. This analysis determines the main positions and semantic intervals of a text. In total, the analysis of statistical data on the location of rhythm-forming elements in poetic, prose texts and colloquial speech revealed seven positions. Positions and intervals are shown in Figure 1 as a matrix. The metrorhythmic matrix is used to analyze the text structure and identify rhythmically organized areas where processes are observed and elements that affect perception are found. A metro-rhythmic pattern is a text structure with symmetrical and asymmetric sections of text.

Figure 1. Metro-rhythmic matrix [13, p. 522]

When applying the metro-rhythmic matrix to the media text [1*], we find that the strong positions of the harmonic center of the text beginning and the text harmonic center (denoted as HCb and HC following the method developed by G. G. Moskalchuk) are localized between functional words and nouns: the indefinite article and the noun variety and between a noun access and the preposition to. In the media text [2*], the strong positions are localized before the nouns utility and nation’s in the subject and the object of the sentence. The nouns in the strong positions indicate that these media texts are narrative.

The positions that mark the beginning and the end of the media text [2*] are localized in the sentences that contain emotionally colored vocabulary. In the strong position of the text beginning (HCb) is the adjective devastating in the phrase devastating effect. The lexeme has a negative connotation and indicates the complete cessation of electricity transmission in this context. In the strong position of the text end is the adjective large in the phrase large storms. This sentence indicates that electrical utility workers know what to do in case of the destabilization of a power grid, for example, when a strong storm is approaching.

In the media text [2*], in the strong position of the text beginning, the adverb active characterizes the way Russian hackers use code to hack the system. In the strong position of the text end, the noun attacks indicates attacks against the Ukrainian government institutions. The word that marks the strong position of the text end is preceded by a numeral that expresses the number of attacks. The media text contains meaningful and factual information in the interval for the strong position of the text end which is less favorable for the perception.

As a result of the morphological analysis of the disinforming media texts, they were found narrative. The texts mainly contain common and proper nouns, as well as adjectives in their positive, comparative, and superlative forms. Nouns and adjectives belong to the thematic groups of pragmatically significant lexemes related to the thematic fields ‘hacking,’ ‘destruction,’ Russia,’ ‘electric power system.’ The media text [1*] contains many proper names: the author mentions the names of malicious programs and the experts’ names. The media text [2*], on the contrary, does not mention the experts’ names. It often cites anonymous sources, for example, “according to officials who spoke on condition of anonymity”, “according to a report by the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security.” In the texts under analysis, nouns are used four times more often than verbs. The strong positions are localized in nouns. The media

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texts are written in a nominal style that enables authors to control readers’ perception [14, p.

223] because texts that contain mainly nouns are perceived as veracious.

Next, we localize repetitions as the main text structural elements. Based on the repetitions, we build a graph that displays the text structure as a curve. The graph is based on calculations of the volume deviation of structure-forming elements (displayed on the vertical axis) from the volume of the composite media text interval (on the horizontal axis). Having identified the relative volume of repetitions in each of the composition intervals, we calculate the deviation of the number of repetitions from the stable volume of each composition interval.

As a form of logical and semantic generalization, the rhythmic organization appears in the range from 0.236 to 0.618 parts of texts (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The main theme is revealed in these parts. Note that in the interval between 0.236 and 0.618, the media text [2*] describes an incident with penetration into the computer. The penultimate paragraph mentions it is not clear whether the computer which was hacked was attached to the grid or not. This paragraph is in the interval for the weak position, which is less favorable for perception. In the media text [1*], the author cites the main source and provides information about the malware Electrum, which uses a computer system identical to the one used for hacker attacks in the United States in 2014 and Ukraine in 2015. The author also provides statistics and an example of a hacker attack on NATO.

In the middle of the media text [1*], there is a transition from one rhythmic tone to another, which is expressed in nonsymmetric parts. The structure of the second part is characterized by asymmetry. It contains a direct speech, experts’ quotes who express their opinions about the hacker attack on the U.S. electric grid. Direct citation breaks the uniformity of style and complicates the perception. In the structure of the media text [2*], we observe “mirror” symmetry on both the horizontal and vertical axes. This type of symmetry sets the dynamics of the text structure and form, simulates the concentration of pragmatically significant lexemes at the beginning and in the second third of the text. The rhythmic organization created by repetitions contributes to the perception and memorization of disinformation, which readers consider as a proven fact.

The frequent use of pragmatically significant lexemes officials, utility, grid exceeds the optimal value, calculated as an indicator of text uniqueness and naturalness following Zipf’s law that defines the regularity of word arrangements, where the word frequency is inversely proportional to its place in a text. The words Russians, Vermont, and electrical, which are also part of the key phrases in the texts, have an approximate ideal meaning. The lexemes hacker and penetrate are marked as key in the title, have a low-frequency value [15]. Therefore, we can conclude that the media text [2*] needs optimization since there is an overabundance or lack of relevant information indicated in the title. The table shows the analysis of texts according to Zipf’s law. We selected the pragmatically significant words out of the first 20 most frequent words and showed the correlation of an ideal Zipf’s law distribution and the actual data as well as recommendations to reduce repetitions to make the text more readable and understandable when using the least number of words.

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