Учебное пособие 1681

Ukraine demonstrated was shown on the air (visual authenticity), however, this undeniable fragment of reality due to the verbal component (this is the bullet that the singer was killed with) began to carry certain information. The Russian side, obviously, does not consider this fact to be true, therefore the phrase "yakoby killed" completely changes the original meaning. The word y a k o b y appears in order to lower the authority of the message (and thereby the addresser's authority), to convince us that the information is false. We also pay attention to the reference to the actions of the previous president of Ukraine, which again contains the discursive marker y a k o b y : passports y a k o b y seized in Donbass, the bus y a k o b y fired upon near Volnovakha. Drawing a parallel between the actions of the two presidents, the author once again projects attention to the unreliability of the previously reported information. It is interesting that the general tone of the first message is rather instructive. The emphasis lies on the inexperience of the president, on the fact that someone did not say or explain something to him, and even that he was framed. And in the second message, the emotional coloring is very alarming, V. Matvienko speaks of a potential threat as a result of such statements.

Y a k o b y "works undercover" is a metaphor that is quite appropriate when the information space, according to many, has become a battleground. The discursive marker y a k o b y , in our opinion, has recently become a more frequent unit in news messages. News always gravitates toward conflict, that is, the conflicting nature of reality is one of the criteria for selecting events as news items. The modern world is full of conflict situations characterized by diverging views. The heated debates have led to the information war, which no one is hiding, and the conflict rhetoric has become open and even popular. This is evidenced by numerous political talk shows, where participants sometimes do not choose expressions to defend their position.

The following news message is not the number one political news item. Nevertheless, it was noted by many information sources, because it meets the criteria of news value, allowing the event to become news.

“He Can Murder by the Word”: Stardom Ridiculed Galkin’s “Attempt” on Kirkorov

How did the celebrities react to the story of y a k o b y organized "contract murder" of Russian pop king Philip Kirkorov?

Khidirnebi Kazuyev, a native of the village Richa in Agulsk district of Dagestan, accused of preparing a terrorist attack, suddenly declared that he had not been preparing a terrorist attack, but the murder of the famous singer Philip Kirkorov. The alleged killer also dragged in as an employer, Maxim Galkin, who y a k o b y decided to dismiss his competitor for 2 million rubles, being jealous of his legendary wife.

Maxim Galkin: "I have only one request for you, dear journalists: do not disturb Philip, he is very upset that he is so cheap."

According to the correspondent of "Central Television", Kazuyev was silent for a year and a half, but finally began to speak.

Israfil Gadadov, Kazuyev’s lawyer: “Maxim Galkin got in touch with me through social networks. We agreed on a meeting, and my client went to Moscow.” Under cover of night, they y a k o b y met in one of the capital's parks. Kazuyev immediately recognized the famous artist as a contractor.

Israfil Gadadov: “I came there and saw the familiar face. He came up. And everything started there”. According to Kazuyev, for the head of pop king Galkin promised him 2 million rubles.

Katya Lel, singer: “Only two. This is funny!"

Vakhtang, musician: "I know one man, I often turn to him to clear people away." A’Studio: “Galkin can murder by the word. He does not need to kill anyone” [7 *].

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First of all, the highlighted situation is unusual, the names of people, whose words are given as comments, are well known in this field. In addition, all the factual details that should be present in a similar situation with contract killings are known – the contractor, payment, location. However, it is not difficult to notice the ironic tone of presentation in this news, this can already be seen from the headline itself: the use of the word ridiculed, the attempt taken in quotation marks, the play on words about the murder by the word. We should note that in media discourse irony is one of the common and effective methods by which the author’s “I” is realized [7, p. 54]. The discursive marker y a k o b y also contributes to the overall ironic tone and in addition undermines the authority of the message in such a way that the whole information is perceived as unreliable, false.

Conclusion

So, authority which in principle characterizes any statement and is present in any form of discourse is a fundamental category in media discourse. In the news texts studied in this article, the mass consumer, receiving the final product, perceives it in the form that he acquired after selection and processing and, perhaps subconsciously, absorbs the meanings that have intentionally been put into it. The mass media are actively and successfully used by reputable communicators to broadcast their position and take the desired effect on the mass addressee. The majority's need for information allows presenting the influence as informing. A number of discursive markers of authority, direct (indicating the source of the message) and indirect (comparisons, evaluations, references to the authority of science, etc.) work to increase or, conversely, lower the authority of the source through the authority of the communicant. So, the discursive marker y a k o b y creates the second information layer in the message. In news discourse, the emotional evaluative nature of this colloquialism takes on the additional meaning. This marker successfully implements its impact function, affecting the credibility of the message. Y a k o b y not only expresses irony or doubt in relation to what has been said, but also reduces credibility, and often indicates falsity of information. Analysis of news texts, taking into account the results obtained in this study, can help to understand the deep layers of news discourse and even draw certain conclusions about the goals of its producents. Moreover, all this contributes to the formation of the skill to perceive the information critically, which is relevant in the context of modern information space.

References

[1]Kashkin V. B. Avtoritetnost' kak kommunikativnaya kategoriya / V. B. Kashkin // Avtoritetnost' i kommunikaciya : kollektivnaya monografiya. Ser. Aspekty yazyka i kommunikacii / pod obshch. red. V. B. Kashkina. – Voronezh : Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2008. - 216 s.

[2]Kashkin V.B. Diskurs : ucheb. posobie / V.B. Kashkin. – Voronezh : Izd-vo Voronezh. gos. un-ta, 2004. – 74 s.

[3]Sarafannikova E.V. Avtoritetnost' v novostnom diskusre/ E.V. Sarafannikova, V.B. Kashkin // Avtoritetnost' i kommunikaciya : kollektivnaya monografiya. Ser. Aspekty yazyka i kommunikacii / pod obshch. red. V. B. Kashkina. – Voronezh : Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2008. – S.111-122.

[4]Boldyreva A.A. Kategoriya avtoritetnosti v nauchnom diskurse/ A.A. Boldyreva, V.B. Kashkin // Avtoritetnost' i kommunikaciya : kollektivnaya monografiya. Ser. Aspekty yazyka i kommunikacii / pod obshch. red. V. B. Kashkina. – Voronezh : Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2008. – S.88-97.

[5]Borisova I.N. Russkij razgovornyj dialog: struktura i dinamika / I.N. Borisova. – Ekaterinburg : Izd-vo Ural. un-ta, 2001. – 408 s.

[6]Karasik V. I. Yаzyk social'nogo statusa / V. I. Karasik. – M. : ITDGK Gnozis, 2002. –

333 s.

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[7]Gayduk I.V., Solomatina G.Yu. Osobennosti funktsionirovaniya prozvishchnykh imenovaniy v mediadiskurse / I.V. Gayduk. G.Yu. Solomatina // Nauchnyy zhurnal Sovremennyye lingvisticheskiye i metodiko-didakticheskiye issledovaniya. – 2019. – Vyp. 1 (41). – S. 53-73.

[8]Gayduk I.V. Pretsedentnyye imena i ikh derivaty v rossiyskom i amerikanskom mediadiskurse / I.V. Gayduk // Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezh. gos. arkh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennyye lingvisticheskiye i metodiko-didakticheskiye issledovaniya. – 2015. – vyp. 3 (27). – S. 111-127.

[9]Dejk T.A. van. Yаzyk. Poznanie. Kommunikaciya / T.A. van Dejk. – M. : Progress, 1989. – 312 s.

[10]Mak-Lyuen M. Galaktika Gutenberga: Sotvorenie cheloveka pechatnoj kul'tury / M. Mak-Lyuen. – Kiev : Nika-Centr; El'ga, 2004. – 432 s.

[11]Walles F. / Primery ob"ektivnoj informacii i neob"ektivnoj. – URL: https://fb.ru/article/162167/primeryi-obyektivnoy-informatsii-i-neobyektivnoy (vremya obrashcheniya - 27.09.2019).

[12]Nikolaev S. / Yаkoby – zapyataya nuzhna ili net. – URL: https: //fb.ru /article/ 373171/yakobyi---zapyataya-nujna-ili-net (vremya obrashcheniya - 27.09.2019).

Analyzed sources

[1*]Mediagruppa Zvezda, URL: https:// tvzvezda.ru /news / vstrane_i_mire /content /201804081037-uwqv.htm (vremya obrashcheniya - 19.09.2019).

[2*] Ren.tv, URL: http://ren.tv/novosti/2019-09-25/publikaciya-stenogrammy-razgovora- trampa-s-zelenskim-porodila-voprosy (vremya obrashcheniya - 26.09.2019).

[3*]Elektronnoe periodicheskoe izdanie MK.ru, URL: https://www.mk.ru/politics/2018/04/17/amerikanskie-zhurnalisty-oprovergli-informaciyu-o- khimatake-v-dume.html (vremya obrashcheniya - 20.09.2019).

[4*] Lenta.ru, URL: https://lenta.ru/news/2019/09/26/pamfilova (vremya obrashcheniya - 27.09.2019).

[5*] Setevoe izdanie Vesti.Ru, URL: https://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=3193057 (vremya obrashcheniya - 27.09.2019).

[6*]Lenta.ru, URL: lenta.ru/news/2019/09/27/inaction (vremya obrashcheniya – 28.09.2019).

[7*]Setevoe izdanie NTV.ru, URL: https://www.ntv.ru/novosti/2167420 (vremya obrashcheniya – 15.09.2019).

Dictionaries used

[1**] Arutyunova N. D. Diskurs / N. D. Arutyunova // Lingvisticheskij enciklopedicheskij slovar. – M., 1990. – S. 136-137.

[2**] Ushakov D.N. Tolkovyj slovar. – URL: https: //dic. academic .ru/ contents .nsf/ ushakov (vremya obrashcheniya - 27.09.2019).

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UDC 811.111’276.6’373.43

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF NEOLOGISATION OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD

“SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS” IN MODERN ENGLISH

E.Ya. Sokolova, Yu.V. Kobenko

National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Senior Instructor of the Division for Foreign Languages Elvira Yakovlevna Sokolova

e-mail: SokolovaEYa@mail.ru

National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University DSc, Professor of the Division for Foreign Languages Yuriy Viktorovich Kobenko

e-mail: serpentis@list.ru

Statement of the problem. At present the vocabulary enhancement of the modern English language is carried out through special registers of the scientific and technical sphere located on the periphery of its lexical-semantic system. The new onomasiologic structures are made up of special units and terminological neologisms formed through semantic derivation which causes the extension of semantic frame of the modern English system, and hence, its potential semiotic capability. The article aims at describing efficient semantic ways for forming neologisms of lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» in modern English.

Results. Semantic word formation constructions of terms-neologisms are connected with the conversion of their substantial nature. Main types of semantic derivation of lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» in modern English are scientific metaphors (meaning transfer), polysemy, eponymy and exemia. Neologisms formed by semantic ways acquire their own nominative value and function in the specified field in accordance with the system of the modern English language. The classification of metonymical transfer is based on comparison of special and well-known notions and distinguishing some common features: functions, configurations and qualities. There are many multicomponent neologisms formed by metonymical epithets “smart”. It can be explained through the fact that «smart energy» and «smart energy systems» are archilexemes constituting the kernel (core) of lexicalsemantic field «Smart energy systems» which functions as a new onomasiologic structure in the lexical system of the modern English language.

Conclusion. Terminological neologisms formed semantically acquire new additional connotations that are subordinated to the signification and they together carry out their specified nominal function. Semantic ways of word formation such as metaphors (meaning transfer), polysemy, eponymy and exemia are not widespread compared to lexical ones. Metaphorization demonstrates the highest neogenic potential. The number of neologisms formed by deonimization and exemia is small.

Key words: semantic features, neologisms, neologization, lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems», metaphors, eponymy, polysemy, exemia, modern English.

For citation: Sokolova E.Ya., Kobenko Yu.V. Semantic features of neologisation of lexical-semantic field “smart energy systems” in modern English / E.Ya. Sokolova, Yu.V. Kobenko // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2020. - № 1 (28). – P. 67 - 75.

Introduction

Lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» (SES) of the modern English, which is in the focus of this paper, is formed in accordance with two basic principles used for the construction of onomasiological structures: firstly, on the basis of fusion of related industries/industrial sector and their vocabulary sets of mainly peripheral distribution and international origin; secondly, relying on own resources (inventory units),

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© Sokolova E.Ya., Kobenko Yu.V., 2020

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which involves the production of neogenic segments from own resources of the modern English language. Semantic derivation is one of the productive ways to replenish the vocabulary of the specified lexical-semantic field (LSF) with lexical innovations. From the point of view of its productivity it is significantly less efficient than lexical and mixed (lexical-semantic) ways of English word formation [1, p. 80]. However, in the context of the term formation, this knowledge should not be regarded as the matter to consider the semantic derivation as a marginal process, but rather as a phenomenon accompanying and linking up with the continuum of regular morphological transformations of the lexical-semantic system of the modern English language. It should be noted that the latter, unlike other West Germanic languages, reproduces and updates its vocabulary resources mainly through the autochthonous morphemic material. Although the resource updating is the task of the formal (semasiological) side of the elements of its vocabulary sets, since there is always a productive morphological base on the surface of neological processes, the leading role here belongs to the substantive (onomasiological) side of lexical units. In fact, neologization involves the expansion of the semantic framework of the modern English system and, therefore, its potential semiotic (descriptive) and nominative capabilities, which means that the study of the process regularities (patterns) should contribute to the creation of a holistic picture of synchronous trends in the development and functioning of the modern English language.

The process of neologization of SES LSF in the modern English language follows four basic types of semantic changes in the language system: 1) metaphorization, 2) polysemy, 3) eponomasia and 4) exemia.

1.Metaphorization (meaning transfer [2, p. 292]) refers to a semantic way of nomination, in which a new unit loses its original lexical meaning and acquires an independent scientific concept by transferring from one vocabulary set to another based on the formal similarity of denotations.

2.Polysemy is defined as a type of a semantic change where several meanings are united by a common archiseme [3, p. 111] localized in the nuclear structure of a neogenic onomasiological formation.

3.The third source of semantic derivation, which contributes to neologism formation in the modern English language, is eponomasia. Eponomasia is a way of converting onymic into appellative vocabulary that is why the second name of this phenomenon in lexicology is appellation. Eponomasia as an expressive means of creating figurativeness, on the one hand, and the mechanism of deonymization of proper names, on the other hand, is a fairly popular way of forming terminological eponyms, for example, in the international SI system of units (pascal, joule, and watt).

4.Exemia refers to the semantic way of word formation by expanding the meaning of the lexical unit, and in some cases it acquires a new semantic meaning determined by the context. The functional conditionality of exemia as a means of expanding the intensities of existing lexical units is absolute.

The relevance of the topic of this article is determined by the necessity to study the ways and features of semantic word formation of terminological neologisms of SES LSF in the lexi- cal-semantic system of the modern English in the context of its dramatic enhancement in the modern world. This observation is substantiated by a number of extra linguistic factors that have a significant impact on the intralinguistic processes within the modern English language system. First of all, this is due to its macro-intermediary language status, which provides communication today at supra-regional, supranational and even supra-continental levels. Such communicative power supported by the globalization and englishization processes credits the modern English language with a special status where the main innovations and vocabulary tendencies emerge, which later becomes international on a global scale. It should be emphasized, that modern English is a donor language for most modern terminologies of a neogenic nature and acts as an intermediary language. The origin of SES terminology and its neologic

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segments is a completely internal process supported by its own productive resources. Thus, SES LSF in the system of this language can be considered as prototypical for similar (kindred) onomasiological adstrats in other languages, for example, in Russian and hence, semantic derivation as internationally significant.

The purpose of this article is to identify methods and features of the semantic derivation of the neologic segment of the SES LSF in the modern English language.

Methodology of the research

The object of this study is terminological neologisms, which form the neologic segment of the SES LSF in the vocabulary of the modern English language; the subject – semantic ways of word formation of the specified terminological neologisms.

The terminoneological segment of the SES LSF constitutes the material base of the study. It consists of 953 lexical units, determined on the basis of lemmatical articles from the follow-

ing representative lexicographic reference books of modern English: «A dictionary of Mechanical Engineering», «Electropedia», «Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology», «Engineering Dictionary», «Power Engineering Dictionary», «Cambridge Dictionary», «Collins Online Dictionary», «Longman Dictionary», «Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary» and et al. The author's research corpus consisting of 1,144 lexical units served as the source material for the selection of the neological segment. This corpus was selected from authentic English scientific and technical publications discussing the issues in the field of smart energy systems for the period from 2015 to 2019.

The structural-system approach, which functions as an epistemological framework of this scientific research and involves recording structural (onomasiological) patterns of vocabulary sets formation, serves as the methodological basis for studying the semantic ways and features of the SES LSF neologization in the lexical-semantic system of modern English. To solve the research problem, a range of general and private scientific methods and techniques was used:

–methods of logic: analysis (identification of the formal and substantive aspects of terminological neologisms; segmentation of SES lexical layer by its neological and derivational signs); synthesis (combining terminological derivatives using a word-formation ways); induction (establishing a connection between the terminological neoplasm emergence and a specific extralinguistic phenomenon or process (denotation); correlation of the derivational properties of neological terms with the word-forming mechanisms in modern English); deduction (concretization of neological segments of SES LSF in terminological neologisms); comparison (the definition of similarities or differences between individual terminological neoplasms in the studied LSF from the point of view of their derivation ways); generalization (determination of common properties and features of terminological neologisms as well as features of their genesis in the lexical-semantic system of the modern English language); analogy (properties transferring from one terminological unit to another one); modeling (model building of LSF using a categorical pair of lexicology “center vs. periphery”);

–statistical methods: quantitative methods (using numerical data and standardized methods for processing the research corpus of terminological neologisms; handling averaged quantifiers to count the number of corpus elements); dialectic method (consideration of neologization processes in their development, interconnection and causation in the system of modern English; grouping method (structural, typological and analytical (factor) separation of empirical research material by essential features; complex summary of statistical data of SES LSF analysis in percentage indicators).

–private-scientific (linguistic) methods: descriptive method (description of the semantic derivation of neologisms), a method of information extraction from the analysis of terminological neoplasms (determining a productive method of word formation) and from neography data (identifying the neogenic degree based on information in lemmatical articles in modern English dictionaries); structural linguistics methods: component analysis method (study of lexical

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meanings of terminological neologisms in the SES LSF structure); oppositional method (highlighting the paradigmatic series of eponyms, metaphors, etc.); formal grammatical method (description of complex word compounds and phrases); complex method (part-of-speech classification and typology of terminological neoplasms); semantic analysis method (the allocation of intensional components of neological terms) and the method of immediate constituents (determination of the meaning volume and the fact of its transfer from one vocabulary set to another one through combinatorial fusion).

Results of the research

Semantic neologisms are formed by rethinking of existing lexical units, expanding their lexical meaning and functional nominal. The evolutionary flexibility of the existing unit intensities in the vocabulary of the modern English language serves as the basis of these processes. The main varieties of the neologism semantic derivation of the lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» in the modern English system are scientific metaphor (meaning transfer), polysemy, eponomasia, and exemia.

1. Metaphorization as a stylistic device is one of the most productive resources of semantic neologization in the modern English language. The distinctive feature of metaphorization is the possibility of transferring a lexical unit from one conceptual sphere to another one [1, p. 84], i.e. within various onomasiological (subject) areas. In research done by E. Sh. Dimitru and N.S. Sharafutdinova metaphorization is defined as a process consisting of three stages: 1) mental (search for a suitable word in common vocabulary); 2) conceptual (the acquisition of a new scientific concept; 3) recording the selected nominative unit for a special concept [4, p. 22; 5, p. 64]. A metaphorical formation of a terminological unit implies a comparison of special and well-known concepts on one or several essential features [6, p. 42]. When a metaphor gets into a terminological system of a particular subject area it acquires an independent nominative value and starts functioning following the laws of a certain system [7, p. 36; 5, p. 65]. Metaphorization is a common derivation for compound nouns, where the defining (specifying) component is usually used as a metaphor for creating a figurative and expressive term or endowing it with a specific additional meaning. The adjective model, where the adjective is a metonymic derivative, should be recognized as the most productive in the SES LSF (48 units out of 66), for example: smart grid environment. As main associative-comparative links between special technical objects (devices, processes, phenomena, etc.) and common concepts serve the similarity of their external features, qualities and functions as well as the combination of all these similarities.

Examples of terminological neologisms based on functional similarities are: plug & play integration; round trip efficiency; fault ride through.

A number of terminological units were created by the analogy of their differential properties, i.e. function (hyponymy): intelligent secondary substation node; graceful degradation; meta heuristic control algorithm; pro-clean energy bills; «net-zero» emissions; smart energy system.

There are some terminological neologisms formed by color similarity: black start situation; green deal.

Formal similarity of denotatum became the basis for forming the following terminological neo-metaphors: cable tray; solar tower plant.

Special groups make up terminological neologisms, where family and kindred relations or people’s social life act as associative features: 5th generation wireless system; hierarchical information-flow architecture; hydrogen economy.

The similarity of objects, architecture, landscape and relief is another source of terminological neo-metaphorization: double-wall plate heat exchanger; complex energy landscape; island mode; offshore wind farm; smart energy control room; utility-scale solar park.

There are some semantic groups of terminological metaphors, in which one of the components contains the name of the part of the human body (somatism): three-leg power control;

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carbon footprint and names of body parts of animals or processes associated with their vital functions (zoosemism): frog leg-wound armature; particle swarm optimization algorithm.

The above examples show, that the graphic design of metaphors in almost all cases, except for one (“net-zero” emissions), occurs without quotes.

There are some multicomponent scientific metaphors based on the figurative metonymic epithet “smart”, “intellectual” (28): smart EMS (energy management system); smart transformer station; smart energy system control. The following adjectives are also used as an indicative seme: flexible (7); clean (3) and active (5), e.g.: flexible load modeling; CCT (clean coal technology); ANMC (Active Network Monitoring and Control). A textbook typological distinction between metaphor and metonymy according to the transfer and adjacency principles is not always possible. From the point of view of stylistics, the absence of the initial designation in a lexical unit, which is impossible prior in the case of term neologisms, can be considered as the most reliable feature. Thus, the metonymization of this example is considered together with metaphorical derivation processes.

The primary semantic meaning is not always explicit, due to the loss of a semantically motivated connection between the new unit and the original sememe, for example: three leg power control ((leg 1) each of the limbs on which a person or animal walks and stands, 2) each of the supports of a chair, table, or other structure, 3) a section or stage of a journey or process, 4) a branch of a forked object [1**]. In this collocation the word leg acquires a new meaning «phase» (three leg power control), which can only be determined by the context (Traditionally, three-leg power control is used in three phase heating applications [1*]).

The composite neologism black start situation (in Russian – автономный пуск электро-

станции (без электропитания от постороннего источника)) is another example confirming that a lexical unit into a new terminological system can receive a new independent nominative specialization. The word black in lexical-semantic field «Smart Energy Systems» acquires a different meaning not reflected in lexicographic sources: (1) of the very darkest color; the opposite of white; colored like coal, due to the absence of or complete absorption of light; 2) figurative (a period of time or situation characterized by tragic or disastrous events; causing despair or pessimism) [1**].

The compound noun kick-back diode is another partially motivated term that contains a semantically non-transparent defining element kick-back [8, p. 63–64]. Kick-back diode (a diode used to eliminate the voltage spike induced in a coil by the collapse of a magnetic field - a diode used to eliminate voltage surges induced in the coil during an overvoltage of a magnetic field [1 *]) is a special device ( diode) for eliminating power surges that has nothing in common with the phrase kick back used in informal communication with the meaning “relax”, “pull back” ([mainly AM, INFORMAL] be at leisure; relax – быть свободным, незанятым; рас-

слабиться; отдыхать (in Russian) [1 **, 2 **]). In this case, a nominative metaphor is used for designating a new device in which the metonymic epithet kick back has completely lost its original figurativeness.

It should be emphasized that the neographic recording of neoformations is the prerogative of regular lexicographic publications, which corpus claims to cover all inventory elements of vocabulary sets. In this regard, Oxford dictionaries do not provide a complete picture of the entire system of the modern English system with its associated peripheral onomasiological structures having a neogenic nature, but serve as main articulators of special norms of the specified language and, therefore, the occasion for speech combinations and word-formation mechanisms.

Thus, the neologism formation through metaphorization is a productive word-formation way, which is confirmed by the number of new terms (66 – 6.9%) in SES lexical-semantic field in modern English. Terminological neo-metaphors have a high pragmatic potential, convey the essence of the subject more expressively by recoding the essential feature of a terminated special concept [9, p. 33] and have a direct impact on the formation of our clear comprehension

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[10, p. 84]. The most common reasons for comparing scientific and technical products with household items are the similarity in their form, function and quality.

2.Polysemy is the ability of one word to have several meanings and correlate simultaneously with several concepts, i.e. to serve for designating different objects (phenomena or processes) [11, P. 198]. In contrast to homonymy, where the key point is the coincidence of the material form of semantically separated lexical units (during the evolution of the vocabulary system), polysemants are genetically related and identical units [3, p. 114]. The polysemy of terminological neologisms in lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» is recorded in 64 multicomponent units of a composite type (5.6%).

Noun generation included in collocations is used in two meanings (whole – process): 1) in Russian – поколение (4 units), ср.: 4th generation solar technology (технология солнечной

энергетики четвертого поколения); generation IV nuclear reactor (ядерный реактор четвертого поколения); 5th generation wireless system (беспроводная система пятого поколения); next-generation power transmission (передача энергии следующего поколения или перспективная передача энергии); 2) in the meaning in Russian – производство/генерация (24 units): carbon neutral power generation (производство углеродно-нейтральной энергии); direct solar-pumping laser generation (лазерное производство энергии c прямой солнечной накачкой).

Noun measure is used in three two-component terminological units of a composite type and has 3 different meanings in Russian (whole – part – process): 1) меры / мероприятия – (in Russian) (1 unit): reliability measures (мероприятия / меры по обеспечению надежности);

2)критерий / показатель (in Russian) (1 unit): control measure (показатель / критерий управления) and 3) измерение / размер (in Russian) (1 unit): required measure (расчетный размер).

The semantic ambiguity is manifested by the word power, which in the attributive position to the noun carries 1) the evaluation function of an adjective with the meaning «электри-

ческий, силовой» in Russian (11): power load (электрическая нагрузка); power layer (энер-

гетическая прослойка). Being the dominant (the basic component) power takes the meaning

2)«энергия» (in Russian) (12): intermittent solar power (импульсивная солнечная энергия); tie-line power flow control (регулирование перетоков электроэнергии по межсистемной линии) and 3) «мощность» (in Russian) (8): power rating (номинальная мощность); as a morpheme in a composite model formed by stem composition, its meaning changes to 4) «пи-

тание» (in Russian): powerpack (блок питания).

Polysemy indicates that monosemanticity is a desirable, but not mandatory property of a really functioning neological term. As the above examples show, lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» is represented by polysemantic terminological neologisms with close semantic connections. However, there are some neologisms where this connection is almost imperceptible.

3.Eponomasia, as the main mechanism of deonymization, which is also used for semantic derivation, has the lowest productive ability compared to the first two derivation ways (0.9%

– 11). A component analysis of term neologic eponyms showed that the most common model for their production is two-component eponymous term formation, which results in derivative appellatives formation from the names of foreign scientists, engineers or companies: Fourier transform (French scientist); biomass-organic Rankine cycle (Scottish engineer); Lyapunov Optimization (Russian scientist); Markov Decision Process (MDP) (Russian scientist); iTESLA platform, Tesla Powerwall (Serbian scienist); diesel particulate filter (German engineer), linear Fresnel lens solar collector (French physisist); HHI (Herfindahl–Hirschman index) (American scientists (Orris C.,USA) and German scientist (Albert O. Hirschman, Germany); Hazelcast cluster (company); Holtz motor (company).

The interaction and mutual influence of onymic and appellative vocabulary in the neogenic layer leads to the change in the word semantics (deonymization) which results in the

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emergence of a new appellative vocabulary [12, p. 139], created to solve some special (terminological) problems.

It should be noted that the appellation of onyms as attributive (determinative) or main elements of the above mentioned compound nouns can be a serious obstacle for recording these units by lexicographers and note them down in regular or special reference books. It is believed that similar units are particular or occasional cases of speech combinatorics and do not deserve separate lemmatic articles. There is even a tendency for the ideographic replacement of onymic components with synonymous terms due to poor mastery (familiarization) of onomastic segments of vocabulary sets by semisiological lexicography or because of the belief that such units and compounds should be reflected in special reference books (with sectorial orientation): Otto engine – combustion engine. In our opinion, the observed heterogeneity of the neography of deonymized eponyms in the category of theological terminological neoplasms can be overcome by indexing the frequency of such units, which allows, firstly, to remove them from the neological circle and, therefore, poorly mastered vocabulary, and secondly, to compare their meaning with that of the regular elements of the vocabulary system in modern English.

4. Exemia (0.4% - 4) is understood as an extension of the semantic component of lexical units, predetermined by the context, and the acquisition of new connotations of their lexical meaning, which then, perhaps, should become independent sememe: translator («переводчик» in Russian), which in relation to the control system in the energy sector has acquired a new meaning «converter» («преобразователь» in Russian). Lexical unit gateway (an opening that can be closed by a gate – «подъезд, подворотня» in Russian) has moved into the field of computer technology, which is represented in thematic group «Energy Control and Automation» of lexical-semantic field «Smart energy systems» by the following two phrases: IP gateway (with the new meaning– IP-шлюз in Russian) and RF canopy of gateway and relays (translated into Russian as «высокочастотная защита, состоящая из межсетевого преобразователя и реле»).

The expansion of the concept and its generalization (hyperonymy) can occur when a new morpheme is added: carbon with the meaning « углерод», «угольный электрод», «копирка» in Russian and carbonize which is translated into Russian as 1) цементировать 2) карбонизи-

ровать, 3) коксовать.

Despite the lowest productivity among the listed above semantic derivation ways in the modern English inventory, exemia is the main resource of semantic shifts used by specialists, including the fusion formation of new discipline-specific sectorial terminologies. The enlargement of intensional meaning occurs, as a rule, in new extralinguistic realities that serves as catalysts for intralinguistic processes. Semantic shifts reflect with sophistication the specific character of the collective and social existence of the language and serve to maintain the system of modern English in the most suitable communicative state.

Conclusion

The results of the study of the semantic word-building potential has shown the presence of metaphorical, polysemantic, eponymous and exemic models of neological term formation of SES LSF in the lexical-semantic system of the modern English language. Metaphorization as a semantic derivation has the greatest neogenic word-formation potential and is based on the intensional meaning transfer of elements of various vocabulary sets. Terminological neologisms formed through semantic derivation acquire new additional connotations in the process of their lexical meaning transfer and are distinguished by expressiveness, imagery and varying degrees of motivation. Additional connotations are subordinated to the signification and together with it perform the nominative function. Some of the terminological neologisms obtained by the metonymic derivation are the only existing designations for a special concept. Exemia and polysemy are traditionally associated with hypo-hyperonymic delimitation of vocabulary sets elements and form some quantitative models of semantic derivation. High-quality ways of wordformation aimed at changing the unit status with maintaining its form are more inherent in met-

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