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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ministry of Science and Higher Education

of the Russian Federation

Scientific Journal

“MODERN LINGUISTIC AND

METHODICAL-AND-DIDACTIC RESEARCHES”

Voronezh State Technical University

The journal has been publishing since 2012

Issue 1 (28), 2020

LINGUISTICS

Mikolaichik V.I. The field of the aspectual opposition and the functioning of verb forms inside

Nedostupova L.V. Speech portrait of the speaker of the people's language of the Voronezh

Kazakova T.A. Assessing the potential of Teutonic substrate in Germanic languages in

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Sarafannikova E.V., Padurets A.A. Authority of news discourse (the case of discursive

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (28), 2020 ISSN 2587-8093

Sokolova E.Ya., Kobenko Yu.V. Semantic features of neologisation of lexical-semantic field

Lapinskaya I.P., Denisova М.А. Cultural priorities evolution as the basis of the nomination

SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW

Kozlova V.V., Lavrinenko I.Yu. About sixth All-Russia scientific conference with international participation “Comparative methods in linguistic researches. Inter-language and intra-language aspects”, held in Voronezh State University on January, 31st – February, 1st, 2020 ............................................................................................................................................... 97

Lukina L.V. Scientific information about international scientific conference «Contrastive

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Introductory Remarks by Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal

«Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches»

Issue 1 (28) of the Scientific Journal contains the following sections: «Linguistics», «Methods and Didactics», «International Communication», «Theory and Practice of Translation». The first issue of the twenty eighth series contains 9 articles.

This issue 1 (28), 2020 of the journal offers honorable readers to get the information about the most recent and relevant theoretical and practical findings, get acquainted with the results and prospects of scientific research in the

field of linguistics, methods and didactics of the foreign language teaching, intercultural communication, the problems of theory and practice of translation studied not only as a process but also as a result. To approach the scientific truth is a burning ambition of any linguist, the articles offered in the journal contribute to achieving it.

The section “Linguistics” of the journal includes the articles about perfect and imperfect verbal forms functioning in Western Iranian languages (by V.I. Mikolaichik), speech portrait of the regional native speaker of a language (by L.V. Nedostupova), diachronical aspect of the German languages potential (by T.A. Kazakova), the issues of the media text analysis (by M.A. Samkova). The section “Methods and Didactics” contains the article about eristic speech behavior, in particular, the problem of defining cognitive-and-behavioral types within the sphere of communicative eristics (I.G. Tamrazova). The section “International Communication” presents three articles. The first one explores the issues of the news discourse authority (by E.V. Sarafannikova, A.A. Padurets), the second one examines semantic features of neologisation in modern English (by E.Ya. Sokolova, Yu.V. Kobenko). The third article analyzed the revolution of cultural priorities as the basis of the nomination process dynamics (by I.P. Lapinskaya, М.А.

Denisova). The section “Theory and Practice of Translation” contains the article about narration as information generator of the intellectual personality (by Y.V. Zubenko).

At the beginning of the “Linguistics” section there is an article of Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor V.I. Mikolaychik (Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation). It explores the issue of verbal forms opposition of the category of aspect in the Western Iranian languages that differ from the Slavonic languages in the organization of the verbal systems. This unique and rare article focuses on the potential meaning of the grammatical verbal forms (preterit and perfect), that is realized in a certain discourse conditions by means of oppositions of perfect and imperfect aspects with the different hierarchy of components. This opposition contributes to interaction with non-verbal aspectual linguistic means and differentiates verbal actions according to their aspectual characteristics.

The second article of the section by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Lubov V. Nedostupova (Voronezh State Technical University) looks at unique linguistic portrait of the native speaker of the Voronezh region, investigates the features of the folk speech evolution within the last century, points out the elements of different origin in the modern spoken language. This research undoubtedly makes contribution into dialectology in accordance with the regional originality and traditions. The next article by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Tatyana A. Kazakova of the Department of social and humanitarian disciplines (Voronezh Institute of Economics and social management) observes diachronic evaluation of the processes of word formation in the German languages within three historical periods. The conducted research reveals the cores of the Teutonic roots of three periods, determine their importance. The index of activity of the Teutonic roots is found.

The section is finalized with the article of PhD of Philology, Associate Professor at the Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language, Maria A. Samkova (Chelyabinsk State University) about mediatexts leading to hacker attacks. Pragmatically important items are

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introduced into the text structure and violate the principle of cooperation of H.P. Grice, in the result of which the text is corrupted. Cognitive corruptions are used to achieve the necessary reaction from the readers. The similar fake information represents a threat to stability of social life.

The section “Methods and Didactics” contains the article of PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Illona G. Tamrazova (Moscow Polytechnic University) that investigates the problem of eristics that is defined as an art of conducting argument. This area of linguistics is little developed yet but is really promising. It defines eristic discursive personality prone to conflicts. Communicative eristics is described as unconventional speech behavior. The range of specific features of such behavior defined on the material of different discourse genres is presented. Conflict/argument causing such behavior may contribute to better understanding the origin of misunderstanding. This is the type of social communication of individuals. Even if the participants don`t come to agreement they better understand the position of their interlocutor as well as their own one.

The section “Intercultural Communication” presents the article of PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Elena V. Sarafannikova and PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Anna A. Padurets (Voronezh State Technical University). The article explores narrative discourse as a meaningful phenomenon by the marker yakoby. The authors analyze the authority of the information sources and come to conclusion that the discursive marker yakoby creates subtext that decreases the authority of the information source and unmasks the original intentions of the sender. In the conditions of information flow this marker makes us critically percept the facts, offered to the reader`s attention.

The article by Senior Lecturer Elvira Ya. Sokolova and DSc, Professor Yuriy V. Kobenko (National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University) observes semantic ways of neologisms formation in modern English in lexical-and-semantic field “Intellectual Energetic Systems“.

The authors reveal metaphorical, polysemantic, eponimical and exemical models of neological term formation. Metaphorization as a way of semantic derivation proved to possess substantial potential of word formation, though productivity of lexical method is higher.

The next article of the section “International Communication“ by Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Translation Technology Irina P. Lapinskaya and PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Marina A. Denisova (Voronezh State Technical University) analyzes the basis of nomination processes dynamics, that lies in the evolution of cultural priorities. Hypothesis about priority of civilizational changes, particularly, cultural priorities, reflected in the process of nomination in language is proposed. There is much work to be done in the sphere of socialization of new proper names of business objects. The important role is performed by those who name the objects – namers. Apart from creation this profession also requires extensive knowledge and experience as it directly influences the quality of work performance. Besides, namer must know copyright acts, be juridicallyliterate. Professional requirements to namers` activity are in the process of forming.

The section “Theory of Translation“ contains the article of Master of Linguistics, Senior Lecturer, Department of Philology Yana V. Zubenko (U. Sultangazin Kostanay State Pedagogical University). In the article the author addresses different tendencies in narratology. Implicit and explicit gender markers of the types of narration based on the grammatical means and lexi- co-and-semantic categories are analyzed, source languages and translation language are juxtaposed. Creative and responsible mission of interpreter as a transmitter of equivalent information of the original text in accordance with the propper norms is pointed out.

The section Scientific Information contains the overview of the sixth All-Russia Scientific Conference with International Participation “Comparative Methods in Linguistic Researches. Inter-language and Intra-language Aspects”, held in Voronezh State University from 31 January to 1 February, 2020 made by PhD of Philology V.V. Kozlova and PhD of Philology I.Yu. Lavrinenko and the information about IV International Scientific Conference «Contras-

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tive Research of Languages and Cultures» held in Minsk State Linguistic University (the Republic of Belarus) from 30 to 31 October, 2019, prepared by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor L.V. Lukina.

We believe that this issue of the Journal № 1 (28), 2020 will be interesting and useful for a wide number of specialists, taking into consideration wide thematic range of the presented articles.

We invite domestic and foreign scientists (Post-graduate students, Applicants, PhDs and Doctors of sciences, Specialists) to publish the results of their researches in the following issues of our journal.

Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal “Modern linguistic and methodical-and-didactic researches” of Voronezh State Technical University, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor,

Head of the chair of foreign languages and translation technology

Valery A. Fedorov

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LINGUISTICS

UDC 81` 37: 811.22

THE FIELD OF THE ASPECTUAL OPPOSITION AND THE FUNCTIONING OF VERB FORMS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE ITS FRAMEWORK

V.I. Mikolaichik

____________________________________________________________________________

Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Department of Middle Eastern Languages,

Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Vladimir I. Mikolaychik

e-mail: mikolai4ik@yandex.ru

____________________________________________________________________________

Problem statement. The article attempts to identify the composition and hierarchy of the basic concepts of the category of verbal form on the material of analytical Western Iranian languages, in which the means of expressing the internal signs of verbal actions are at different levels of the language structure, and the grammatical core of the category of verbal form is represented by the opposition of the preterit and imperfect forms.

Research results. The potential specific meaning of the grammatical form of the verb is realized only if it is necessary to use the internal properties of verbal actions to express them. There is no semantic invariant of the form common to all its functions, since outside its main sphere of use the original semantics of the form can be completely neutralized by lexical means dominating because of the concreteness of its semantics; only the semantics of the root morpheme remains relevant.

Conclusion. Speech conditions, where the potential specific meaning of verbal forms is realized, are the sphere of specific opposition, where morphological means, different in semantics, are opposed. Outside of this opposition, the specific meaning of the verb word form is not used. In opposition, one of the key points is the division of the components of the species semantics of forms into stable and unstable signs, which makes it an effective means of interaction with other linguistic means of expressing the internal properties of verbal actions.

Key words: aspect and relevant means, cross-layer interaction, aspectual opposition, hierarchy of meanings, stable sign, unstable sign, dominating means.

For citation: Mikolaichik V.I. The field of the aspectual opposition and the functioning of verb forms inside and outside its framework / V.I. Mikolaichik // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic

Researches”. – 2020. - № 1 (28). – P. 9 - 16.

Introduction

It is common knowledge, the problem of the verb type, which is often called the business card of Slavic languages, is considered almost exclusively on the Slavic language material. However, having been dealing for a long time with the internal structure of Western Iranian languages, which are typologically located at the opposite pole of the conditional typological axis, we came to the conclusion that referring to the material of these languages can help us find answers to some not completely clear questions related to aspectual issues. One of the key unresolved issues is the identification of basic species concepts, which is noted, for example, by Yu. S. Maslov [1, p. 6]. There is no unity in the interpretation of the status of members of a specific pair of single-root verbs: some researchers consider them as different words [2, p. 266; 3, p. 474], others-as "lexically identical" pairs [4, p. 583]. Attempts are made to distinguish lexical and grammatical components in the specific semantics of verbal word forms, in particular in the work of Chertkova M. Yu. [5]. In general, the problem of distinguishing grammatical and non-grammatical components in the semantics of word forms continues to be relevant today.

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© Mikolaichik V.I., 2020

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In this regard, the remark of the modern Russian writer I. G. Miloslavsky is of interest: "Attributing to the morphological category those nominative elements of meaning that are expressed by other language means does not contribute to progress in the ideas about the structure of the Russian language" [6, p. 212]. The absolute need to differentiate the role of multi-level verbal means in speech semantic processes is emphasized by Vsevolodova M. V. [7].

The organization of the verb systems of modern Western Iranian and Russian languages is polar opposite. The main difference between the verb system of Western Iranian languages and the Russian is developed system of grammatical time and type-time forms, with almost complete absence of a widely developed derivative affixation in the Russian language in the sphere of verbal action methods. The description of verbal systems in Western Iranian languages was traditionally carried out on the basis of the classification scheme adopted in Russian linguistics. In general, Russian iranists used the traditional scientific apparatus in analyzing the problems of the verb type [8; 9; 10; 11]. The original concept of B. Ya. Ostrovsky differs [12], although its provisions need a more convincing argument.

In Western Iranian languages, the verbal vocabulary at the level of the initial forms is not differentiated at all, both in terms of general specific concepts, and in terms of those meanings of a more specific plan that are included in the vast sphere of verbal action methods adjacent to the verb form. With the almost complete absence of derivative affixation in the sphere of expression of internal signs of verbal actions, we can easily find here means of expressing the main specific meanings, and we do not find it difficult to find adequate means of expressing almost all the nuances of semantics contained in the methods of verbal action. For example, we are free to find the means adequately to express almost all the nuances of the stylistic connotations of the colloquial Russian phrase "Push a bit". In the Dari language, it will be "kamak-wâri mohkam begir".

However, unlike the Russian language, in which the means of expressing various shades of meaning, in particular connotative meanings, are almost completely concentrated in the area of derivative affixation, that is, at the level of the original verb word forms, in Dari and other Western Iranian languages, such expressive means are completely absent at the lexical level of verbs. Many meanings from the semantic domain under consideration are expressed using the vocabulary of other grammatical categories, including the service parts of speech. But a significant part of the means of expressing internal signs of action is at the morphological level of the language structure. This circumstance is of particular interest for the following reasons. It is clear that formalized models of the morphological level are developed in the language to express the most general meanings underlying a particular semantic sphere. And it is logical to assume that the study of widely used morphological models designed to express the specific features of verbal actions can help identify some of the general concepts that underlie the category of verbal form.

Justification of the problem under study. In the Dari language, one of the most common Western Iranian languages (this group also includes the closely related Dari Persian and Tajik, as well as the Kurdish language), at this stage of its evolution, the system of temporal grammatical forms of the verb, which includes four past tense forms (preterit, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect), is presented in its classically pure version. The presence of a certain number of optional forms does not violate the harmony of this system because of their insignificant use. These languages are also not characterized by the tendency for some modern Indo-European languages to die off the perfect, which significantly expands the functions of the preterite. All four regular forms of the past tense in Dari semantically and functionally have a strict classical identity, each of the four forms is used in strictly defined functions.

Methodology of the research

The study of this language mechanism is promising because the semantics of grammatical forms in a strictly defined sphere of functioning is easier to analyze. Especially promising is

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the analysis of the preterite and imperfect forms in the context of a coherent narrative plan, where they are used in a complex of means of differentiating verbal actions by species.

The object of the study is grammatical forms in their interaction with non-grammatical means in the formation of internal properties of verbal actions. The subject of the study is the mechanism of interaction of multi-level language means in speech in order to form the specific characteristics of verbal actions.

The purpose of the study is to determine the semantics of grammatical forms and components of their specific semantics, which can be considered as the basic features of the category of the verb type, based on the differentiation of the role of language tools at different levels. The second goal is to determine the nature of the species opposition of grammatical forms, hierarchy, and relationships of basic species characteristics in general and within the framework of the species opposition.

The research material is typical speech constructions typical for texts of the artistic style and language of everyday communication, in which the attention of participants of the speech act is drawn to the internal signs of verbal actions.

Research methods: observation, content analysis, component analysis, comparison, generalization.

Results of the research

The preterit and imperfect of the Dari language are the species-time forms of the indicative mood. Their main area of operation is the past-time microfield, although they are also used in various syntactic constructs outside of this field. But the main sphere of their use is the framework of the indicative, where they are most typical for use in the designation of past events with elements of figurative description. Here, they denote actions with the temporary properties "past specific" or "past extended". These conditions in literary studies are characterized by the concept of "coherent narrative plan". These speech conditions are most characteristic of artistic texts, although they are not limited only to this functional style, since the elements of figurative description of past events are also characteristic of other styles, in particular for colloquial and everyday life.

There are formal differences in temporal semantics between the preterite and the imperfect. In a preterit, in a minimal context, an action by time value is characterized as simply past, without any additional time signs: Dôst-am čand rôz pêš az xâna raft "My friend left home a few days ago". In the context of a coherent narrative plan, the preterit expresses an action with the temporary sign "past concrete": Mohassel ba darsxâna dar-âmad pošt-e mêz-e xod nešast wa ba xândan-e matn pardâxt "the Student entered the audience, sat down at his Desk and began to read the text".

In the imperfect, the proper meaning, which appears in a neutral context, is "past concrete": Mehmânân jam' mêšôdand "Guests came together". If there are ungrammatical means that prevent the expression of the proper meaning of the imperfect, the action has a different time value: Dar gozašta marâsem ' arusi ba tarz-e digar bargozâr mêšod "in the past, the wedding took place differently". If the sentence did not contain the circumstantial prepositionalnominal combination dar gozašta "in the past", then the action expressed by the verb bargozâr šodan in the imperfect would be "past concrete" according to the temporal characteristic. The lexical temporally relevant means available in the sentence, which has a specific semantics and for this reason is contextually dominant, neutralizes the proper temporal meaning of the imperfect and determines the temporal characteristic of the action as simply "past".

As we can see, differences in the proper temporal semantics of the preterite and the imperfect can disappear under the influence of non-grammatical temporally relevant means. In the context of a coherent narrative plan, where the temporal properties of verbal actions are under the decisive influence of context, the differences between the preterite and the imperfect in temporal meaning are completely leveled, and here forms are used exclusively as a means of

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differentiating verbal actions by species. Thus, the imperfect and preterit in these speech conditions form an opposition of a purely species nature.

In the expression of species values, as in the expression of time values, the grammatical form interacts with non-grammatical means, which, being more specific in semantics, dominate. But if temporally relevant non-grammatical means, as we have seen, completely neutralize the temporal semantics of the form, then when expressing aspectual values, the form interacts with non-grammatical means in a different way. There are several specific features of the verb action, and each of the multi-level aspectually relevant means contributes to their formation. In addition to the grammatical form, lexical indicators (adverbs, other words in the role of circumstances of the way of action), consituative factors, as well as some of the most abstract semes from among the components of the lexical meaning of the formed word participate in the formation of specific features of the verbal action. Each of the multi-level verbal means involved in the expression of internal signs of verbal action contributes, all of them have a clearly expressed semantic certainty. Differences in the identification of the specific meaning of grammatical forms and non-grammatical means, usually differing in the extreme specificity of their semantics, is that the semantics of the morphological means is more complex in structure and has a hierarchical organization.

Analysis of the functioning of preterite and imperfect forms in a minimal context and in interaction with non-grammatical aspect-relevant tools allowed us to identify the components of the species semantics of forms and their hierarchy.

The proper view value of a grammatical form includes two types of attributes. The first type includes stable signs that are expressed by the form in all cases of its use. The second type consists of unstable features that are expressed in a neutral context, but are neutralized by ungrammatical means with incompatible semantics. Based on the analysis of the entire variety of contexts in which the preterite and imperfect forms are used within the mentioned sphere of functioning, we have established the components of their specific meaning, as well as their hierarchy. The features identified by us are among the most well – known values that appear in studies of problems of the species; these are process/non-process, limit/non-limit, brevity/duration, single-time/multiple-time.

The values of brevity/duration and one-time / multiple should be mentioned in particular. Signs of duration and brevity, noted by almost all researchers among the most important properties of verbal actions, do not play a key role in the "imperfect – preterit" opposition itself. The duration is determined by the basic sign of processness for the opposition, and brevity is a sign of only one of the varieties of non-process action. The same can be said about the meaning of one-time/multiple. When describing the form of an imperfect in Western Iranian languages, almost everyone notes that it has a sign of multiplicity along with duration, and that the preterite has a single occurrence. But in both forms, these signs can be considered not as usual signs, but only as occasional ones.

Taking into account only the usual (stable and unstable) components of aspectual semantics, the "imperfect – preterit" opposition has the following form (see table):

Table "The symptoms of opposition "imperfect-preterit»»:

Notation: + - stable sign; + ( – ) – unstable sign; – ( + ) – a sign that can be given by contextual means; - - a sign that is never expressed when using this form.

It is necessary to note the third type of features that do not belong to the number of components of the species semantics of the form, but are formed with its direct participation in interaction with non-grammatical means. The well-known term "occasional"applies to them. These values include, for example, those that are formed as a result of the interaction of the form with the components of the verb semantics of certain semantic groupings. Thus, the imperfect is marked as an occasional feature of multiplicity, formed as a result of the collision of the semantics of the form with the components of the lexical semantics of verbs of instant action: âhangar ba sandân čakoš mêzad "the Blacksmith knocked the hammer on the anvil".

In the preterite, an occasional sign of performance can be called, formed by the interaction of form semantics and terminative verbs: Maqâla râ xând wa rôznâma râ kenâr gozâst "He read the article and put down the newspaper".

Concerning the whole set of components of plan content the functional-semantic category of aspectuality there are three types of morphological relations means those elements of the contents of this category that are not related to the specific semantics of the grammatical forms of the verb. One group is formed by signs to which the form is neutral, and they are freely given to the action expressed by the verb in this form. The second group includes features of the semantic field that are opposite in value to the unstable components of the semantics of the form.

Separately, we should note a group of features that are opposite to the stable components of the species semantics of the form. These attributes cannot be assigned to an action expressed by a verb in this form.

The "imperfect – preterit" opposition has two key properties. The first is due to the fact that the concepts of process/non-process and limit/non-limit, which are the basis of this kind of opposition, are not mutually conditional in the literal sense. A process action in the speaker's view looks like a process that does not achieve its result within the described situation, even if it is objectively aimed at achieving it. A non-process action, on the contrary, is presented in its final stage, leading to some direct or indirect result. Both signs are only indirectly related to the concept of limit/non-limit, non-process action is always objectively ultimate, while process action is indifferent to the concept of limit. There are three main types of aspectually characterized verbal actions: process non-process, process limit, and non-process (always limit). A nonprocess action is absolutely opposed to a non-process action. But between them is an intermediate or transitional type-the ultimate process action, called in Russian aspectology a long-term restrictive subspecies of the perfect type (read, walk, sit). In Dari, both the preterit and the imperfect can participate in the expression of such an action.

The second key property of the opposition is due to the hierarchy of signs of verb forms, their division into stable and unstable. In the "imperfect – preterit" opposition, the absence of direct opposition of members is due to the fact that a stable sign of one form does not directly contradict the semantics of another form, and can be given to an action expressed by a verb in this form by ungrammatical means.

These properties of the opposition provide it with the possibility of the widest possible interaction of its members with ungrammatical aspectually relevant means and together with them to express the entire necessary range of specific characteristics of actions.

In the "imperfect – preterit" opposition, none of the forms can be called a weaker or, conversely, a stronger member of the opposition. Therefore, the opposition itself is not privative. It is more like equipment now. But this characteristic can be given only with a significant reservation. Because there is no direct opposition of forms to each other on any one value.

Thus, we have defined the role of preterite and imperfect forms in their functioning as means of aspectual classification of actions when they form a specific opposition.

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