Peripheral cyanosis of the lips in a patient with heart failure:

X-ray examination:

1.increase in LV and LA,

2.displacement of the contrasting esophagus along

3.arc of a large radius.

Mitral Regurgitation:

Echocardiography:

Abnormal anatomy, chamber size, EF, Qualitative assessment of MR and Pulmonary HTN, suitability for repair

Complications:

1)pulmonary edema and hemoptysis,

2)atrial fibrillation in 1/3 of patients.

3)thromboembolic complications

Mitral Valve Stenosis

Mitral Stenosis

Etiology:

1.Rheumatic Heart Disease -99.8% of cases. 2.Normal Valve area: >4 cm2

3.Critical MS: <1 cm2

Pathophysiology:

RV Pressure Overload

RVH

RV Failure

LV Filling