*A microphotograph of a longitudinal section of a human hair follicle.
From the article Gretchen Vogel (Gretchen Vogel) in the journal Science on the main scientific breakthrough in 2008
Cells of hair follicles have learned to reprogram successfully, obtaining analogs of embryonic stem cells. The only hair extracted from the root is sufficient to obtain a culture of cells capable of multiple sharing and differentiation, forming cells of a different type genetically identical to the original ones or modified in a certain way (for example, it is possible to remove genes whose work causes a disease and then introduce altered cells in the body to the place of affected tissues).
Therapeutic use of stem cells
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The cord stem of the umbilical cord is multipotent; but there are few such cells in the umbilical cord.
Fetal stem cells are embryonic cells at the 9th to 12th week of development, isolated from abortive material. By the ability to differentiate belong to multipotent cells.
In early 2010, American scientists from the University of North Carolina reported on the technology they had developed to produce multipotent stem cells from amniotic fluid (without damaging the germ itself).
Reprogramming
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Induced pluripotent embryonic stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSC, or iPS) were obtained from cells of various tissues (primarily fibroblasts) by reprogramming using genetic engineering techniques.
2008 - methods were developed for reprogramming cells by introducing "embryonic" genes (transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4,? C-Myc and Nanog) into them using adenoviruses and other vectors. According to the journal Science, this was the main scientific breakthrough in 2008. Reprogramming can be induced by temporal expression of the introduced genes, without their integration into the genome of cells.
2009 - Cloned mice were obtained from reprogrammed tetraploid complementation (blastocyst trophoblasts from another individual, 4n) pluripotent cells. Thus, for the first time cloned animals without an admixture of the genetic material of the mtDNA of the egg cell of the recipient were obtained, and a way of obtaining human pluripotent cells without the use of human embryos was found.
Therapeutic cloning
It is possible to transplant the spinal cord from the donor, but there are both ethical and technical difficulties associated with transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (for example, histocompatibility). Such problems can be resolved by using their own stem cells or by therapeutic cloning.
Cancer Treatment Chemo- and radiation therapy, used to kill cancer cells, also kills stem cells. As a result, a patient who has recovered from cancer, can immediately die from pneumonia, tk. because of the lack of stem cells, lacks immunity. To avoid this, the patient before the cancer treatment is taken stem cells, and after the completion of the treatment they inject him back.
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Stromal stem cells
This is a natural reserve of the organism's own reserve reserve.
Benefits of use
Zero risk of immune rejection of intrinsic stromal cells.The minimal possibility of their malignant degeneration.It is impeccable from the moral and ethical point of view.
In principle, it is possible to grow a large number of stromal cells, and then use special signaling substances to direct them to repair damaged tissues.
Today, no doubt, orthopedics is in the lead in the therapeutic application of stromal cells. For burn patients, dermal skin equivalents are used (artificially grown skin from the patient's skin cells).
Stromal cells can be obtained from cells of adipose tissue (adipocytes) - they relatively easily undergo the process of dedifferentiation.
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*Adipocytes
Experiment on the in vivo transdifferentiation of noncardiogenic mesoderm cells into cardiomyocytes /
Chromatin remodeling
The chromatin- modeling BAF-complex consists of 11 subunits. This complex regulates the presence and position of nucleosomes on DNA, permits the binding of transcription factors to nucleosomes. Different tissues are distinguished by various combinations of assembly of subunits in the BAF complex.
Japanese scientists, adding a special substance (5-azocitidine) to the culture of stromal cells of the bone marrow of mice, received heart muscle cells from them.
Such cell therapy is very promising for restoring damage to the heart muscle after a heart attack, because it uses its own stem stromal cells of the body, which are not rejected, and the probability of their malignant degeneration is excluded.
Similar work was done to obtain neurons from stromal cells. This gives hope for the cure of patients with severe lesions of the spinal cord and brain.
Moreover, when you introduce your own bone marrow stromal cells into the human spinal canal, they are evenly distributed throughout the brain, without disturbing its structure.
Stromal stem cells of the human bone marrow are differentiated into neurons.
The dangers associated with the use of stem cells
1.The clinical experience of using stem cells is extremely small.
2.The long-term consequences of stem cell treatment are unknown.
3.In some cases, there is a risk of oncogenic degeneration of stem cells;
4.There is a danger of infection during stem cell therapy, because often it is not known where, how and from what these stem cells were obtained and whether they were tested for infectious safety.
ВРоссийской Федерации терапевтическое применение эмбриональных клеток станет возможным после принятия закона «О применении биомедицинских технологий в медицинской практике», который планирует рассмотреть Госдума РФ.
Literature
1.Киселев С.Л., Лагарькова М.А. Эмбриональные стволовые клетки человека. //Природа. 2006. № 10.
2.Корочкин Л.И. Что такое стволовые клетки.//Природа. 2005. № 6.
3.Эмбриональные стволовые клетки. http:// ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
4.http://www.transcells.ru/fibroblasti
5.http://www.transcells.ru/stemcells
6.http://elementy.ru/news/430958