Clinical presentation of hemorrhagic syndrome
•Nasal bleeds, gingival bleeds
•Hemorrhagic rash: petechias and ecchymoses
•Teleangiectasias: mucosa, lips, gums
•Hemarthrosis
•Bleedings after surgical operations
•Menorrhagia
•Positive Rumpel-Leede sign
Teleangiectasias
Purpura
Ecchymoses |
Hemarthrosis |
Pinch sign |
Rumpel-Leede sign |
Lymphoproliferative syndrome
Lymphadenopathy – enlargement of lymph nodes of any origin
Localized |
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Generalized |
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Not associated with tumors |
Associated with tumors |
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Short-term |
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Long-term |
(< 2 months) |
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(> 2 months) |
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Chronic |
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Recurrent |
Acute |
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Causes of lymphoproliferative syndrome
•Infections
•Tumors:
–Hematologic malignancies: leukemias, lymphomas
–Metastases
•Hypersensitivity and immune reactions:
–Vaccines, drugs
•Autoimmune diseases
•Sarcoidosis
Giant lymphadenopathy
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - non-specific coagulopathy
Causes of DIC
•Sepsis
•Trauma
•Combustions
•Malignancies
•Obstetric complications
•Blood transfusions
•Acute liver failure
Clinical presentation of DIC
•Hemorrhagic syndrome
–Petechias, ecchymoses
–Nasal, gyngival bleeds
–Hematuria
–Gastro-intestinal bleeding
–Metrorhagia
–Bleeding after surgery
–Bleeding into serous cavity
•Neurological signs
–Confusion
–TIA/stroke
•Macrovascular thrombosis
–Deep venous thrombosis
–Arterial thrombosis
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Microvascular thrombosis and |
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multiple organ damage |
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Acute kidney injury |
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Acute respiratory failure |
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Acute liver failure |
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Acute adrenal insufficiency |
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Shock |
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Arterial hypotension |
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Tachycardia |
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Collapse |
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