
- •Syndromes in blood disorders
- ••Syndrome of circulatory hypoxia
- •Structure of erythrocyte
- •Structure of hemoglobin molecule
- •Function of erythrocyte
- •Clinical presentation of circulatory-hypoxic syndrome
- •Anemic syndrome
- •Sideropenic syndrome
- •Sideropenic syndrome
- •Sideropenic syndrome: changes in epithelial tissues
- •Plummer-Vinson syndrome
- •Plummer-Vinson syndrome
- •Laboratory findings in sideropenic syndrome
- •Syndrome of anemic heart
- •Laboratory changes
- •Syndrome of hemolysis
- •Clinical presentation of hemolysis
- •Laboratory findings in hemolysis
- •Clinical presentation of hemorrhagic syndrome
- •Teleangiectasias
- •Pinch sign
- •Lymphoproliferative syndrome
- •Causes of lymphoproliferative syndrome
- •Giant lymphadenopathy
- •Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- •Causes of DIC
- •Clinical presentation of DIC
Syndromes in blood disorders
•Syndrome of circulatory hypoxia
•Anemic syndrome
•Syndrome of sideropenia (Plummer-Vinson syndrome)
•Syndrome of anemic heart (cor anemicum)
•Syndrome of hemolysis
•Hemorrhagic syndrome
•Lymphoproliferative syndrome
•Syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation

Structure of erythrocyte

Structure of hemoglobin molecule

Function of erythrocyte

Clinical presentation of circulatory-hypoxic syndrome
Fatigue |
Weakness |
Pallor |
Palpitations |
Dyspnea |
Chest pain |
Dizziness |
Cold extremities |
Headache |
Main cause: insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues due to anemia

Anemic syndrome
Low level of hemoglobin and/or RBC in the blood
Diagnostic criteria
Hb <120 g/l in females
Hb <130 g/l in males
Hb <110 g/l in pregnant women
• May be accompanied by changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
↓MCV - microcytosis (<80 fl), |
↑MCV – macrocytosis (>100 fl) |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) |
|
↓ MCH – hypochromia (< 27pg), |
↑ MCH – hyperchromia ( > 31 pg) |
• Causes: all types of anaemia

Sideropenic syndrome
Cause: impaired synthesis of tissue enzymes due to iron deficiency

Sideropenic syndrome
Pica:
•Craving for unusual smells: petrol, acetone, paints
•Unusual craving for non-nutritive substances: chalk, dirt, clay, rocks, ice

Sideropenic syndrome: changes in epithelial tissues
Site |
Findings |
Skin |
Xeroderma, exfoliation of the skin |
|
|
Nails |
Flattening |
|
Koilonychia (spoon-shaped) |
|
Brittle nails |
Hair |
Brittle hair |
|
|
Tongue |
Soreness, burning |
|
Mild papillary atrophy |
|
Absence of filiform papillae |
Mouth |
Angular stomatitis |
|
|
Hypopharinx |
Dysphagia |
|
Esophageal webs |
Stomach |
Achlorhydria |
|
Gastritis |

