- •Anemia
- •Syndromes in anemia
- •Definition of anemia
- •Risk factors for anemia
- •Classification of anemia
- •Classification of anemia
- •Classification by severity
- •Symptoms and signs of anemia
- •Initial investigations in anemia
- •Iron deficiency anemia
- •Causes of iron-deficiency anemia
- •Syndromes in IDA
- •Symptoms of iron deficiency
- •Clinical presentation of IDA
- •Diagnostics of IDA
- •Poikilocytosis
- •Iron metabolism parameters and CBC changes in iron deficiency
- •Bone marrow in iron deficiency
- •Additional tests for differential diagnostics in IDA
- •Management of IDA
- •Megaloblastic anemia
- •Daily need in B12 and folic acid
- •Vitamin B12 absorption and transport.
- •Classification Of The Megaloblastic Anemias
- •Classification Of The Megaloblastic Anemias
- •B12 deficiency: pathogenesis of symptoms
- •Clinical presentation of megaloblastic anemia
- •Funicular myelosis
- •Diagnostics
- •Peripheral blood smear in megaloblastic anemia
- •Treatment
- •Response to therapy with B12 – reticulocytosis within 7-10 days
- •Hemolytic anemia
- •Pathogenesis of hemolytic anemia
- •Classification of hemolytic anemia
- •Mechanisms of different types of hemolysis
- •Classification Of Disorders Due To Hemoglobin Abnormalities
- •Hemolysis Due To Antibodies
- •Drugs Causing Hemolysis In Subjects
- •Clinical presentation
- •Diagnostics
- •Principles of treatment
- •Aplastic anemia
- •Clinical presentation of aplastic anemia
- •Pancytopenia
- •Aplastic anemia treatment
Anemia
Syndromes in anemia
•Circulatory-hypoxic
•Anemic
•Sideropenic
•Hemolysis
Definition of anemia
Clinical and laboratory syndrome that includes:
•Low hemoglobin level
•Symptoms of tissue hypoxia
Results in tissue and organ hypoxia
Diagnostic criteria of anemia
Hb <120 g/l in females Hb < 130 g/l in males
Hb <110 g/l in pregnant women
Risk factors for anemia
Classification of anemia
Classification of anemia
Classification by severity
•Mild: Hb >90 g/l
•Moderate: Hb 70-90 g/l
•Severe: <70 g/l
Symptoms and signs of anemia
Symptoms
•Fatigue
•Breathlessness on exertion
•Palpitations
•Throbbing in head and ears
•Dizziness
•Tinnitus
•Headache
•Dimness of vision
•Insomnia
•Paraesthesia in fingers and toes
•Angina
Signs
• Pallor of Skin
Mucous membranes
Palms of hands
Conjunctivae
•Tachycardia
•Cardiac dilation
•Systolic flow murmurs
•Edema
Initial investigations in anemia
•Full blood count
•Examination of the blood film
•Serum ferritin
•Serum B12
•Red cell folate
•Hemolysis screen (if indicated): reticulocyte count, biliburin, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobins