Anemia
Syndromes in anemia
•Circulatory-hypoxic
•Anemic
•Sideropenic
•Hemolysis
Definition of anemia
Clinical and laboratory syndrome that includes:
•Low hemoglobin level
•Symptoms of tissue hypoxia
Results in tissue and organ hypoxia
Diagnostic criteria of anemia
Hb <120 g/l in females Hb < 130 g/l in males
Hb <110 g/l in pregnant women
Risk factors for anemia
Classification of anemia
Classification of anemia
Classification by severity
•Mild: Hb >90 g/l
•Moderate: Hb 70-90 g/l
•Severe: <70 g/l
Symptoms and signs of anemia
Symptoms
•Fatigue
•Breathlessness on exertion
•Palpitations
•Throbbing in head and ears
•Dizziness
•Tinnitus
•Headache
•Dimness of vision
•Insomnia
•Paraesthesia in fingers and toes
•Angina
Signs
• Pallor of Skin
Mucous membranes
Palms of hands
Conjunctivae
•Tachycardia
•Cardiac dilation
•Systolic flow murmurs
•Edema
Initial investigations in anemia
•Full blood count
•Examination of the blood film
•Serum ferritin
•Serum B12
•Red cell folate
•Hemolysis screen (if indicated): reticulocyte count, biliburin, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobins