Bibliography

1.Adrianova, I. Learn and celebrate / I. Adrianova, N. Toumanova. –

Новосибирск : «Инфолио-пресс», 1992. – 159 c.

2.Dale, D. The little book of Australia / D. Dale. – Allen & Unwin, Australia, 2010. – 261 p.

3.Hornby, A. S. Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary / A.S. Hornby. – Oxford University Press, 2000. – 1540 p.

4.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_United_ Kingdom&action=history

5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

6.http://eng.1september.ru

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8.http://www.bbclearningenglish.com И

9.http://www.onestopenglish.com

10.Nauton, J. Profile 1. Student’s Book.ДIntermediate / J. Nauton. – Oxford university Press, 2005. – 143 p.

11.Nauton, J. Profile 2. Student’s Book. Intermediate / J. Nauton. – Oxford university Press, 2005. – 175Аp.

12.Wood, N. Business and Commerce Workshop / N. Wood. – Oxford university Press, 2005. – 40бp.

13.Powell, Martinez, Jillett. New Business Matters. Coursebook / Powell, Martinez, Jillett. –иThomson HEINLE, 2004. – 2000 p.

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№1. С

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18.Kay, S. Inside Out. Student’s Book. Pre-intermediate / S. Kay, J. Vaughan, P. Kerr. – Oxford : Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2006. – 143 p.

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20.Кузовлев, В.П. English. 10 – 11 классы. Activity Book / В.П. Ку-

зовлев. – M. : Просвещение, 2006. – 112 с.

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The Russian Federation

1.What do you know about theАRussianДcountryИprofile?

2.Work in two groups, Aбand B. Group A, match the headings (1-12) with the information (a-l). Group B, ask questions to find out the facts about Russia (pic. 188)и.4. Area Сd) 59 years (men), 73 years (women) (UN)

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3. Help your partner to make up sentences using the information above and the words from the box.

4.Now work with a partner from the other group to ask and answer questions as in the example.

E.g. What is the full name of our country? - The Russian Federation.

5.Imagine, that you are talking to a foreign friend about the Russian country profile. Use the information from Иex. 2 – 4 to complete the conversation.

You: So the time has come to say goodbye,ДMike?And so on….. А

7. Use the words from ex. 6 to complete the sentences:

1)Russia is the largest … in the world.

2)The … in Russia is very rich.

3)Russia is extremely rich in … .

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4)The country impresses with its … and size.

5)The climate ranges from the Arctic north to the generally ... south.

6)The Russian Federation occupies the first place in the world for its … .

7)Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of … that are predominantly

… to the south and heavily forested to the north, with … along the northern coast.

8. Match a word on the left with a word on the right to make common expressions:

9. Now use the phrases from ex. 8 to complete the sentences:

Baikal.

10. Read the text and find the sentences from ex. 9 to check your answers.

The Russian Federation (pic. 189 - 190) is a transcontinental country extending over much of northern Eurasia. Russia shares land borders with the following countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It also borders

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the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Black Sea. Russia is close to the United States (Alaska) and Japan.

At 17,075,400 square kilometers (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area; with 142 million people, it is the ninth largest by population. Russia has the world's greatest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's unfrozen fresh water.

The Russian Federation with its topography, its climates, vegetation, and soils span vast distances. From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed and broad-

lungs of Europe”. It provides a huge amount of oxygen for not just Europe, but the world. With access to three of the world's oceans — the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific — Russian fishing fleets are a major contributor to the world's fish supply. The Caspian is the source of what is considered the finest caviar in the world.

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5)What countries does the Russian Federation border on in the west (in the east)?

6)What can you say about the relief in Russia?

7)What mountain chains are there on the territory of our country?

8)What sea does the Europe's biggest river flow into?

9)What is the world's deepest lake famous for?

10)What types of climate are there in Russia?

11)What mineral resources is Russia rich in?

14. Match the expressions from ex. 13 with the following definitions:

1)competition and mutual restraint among the various branches of government;

2)submission of an issue of public importance to the direct vote of the electorate;

3)an agreement, entered into by individuals, that results in the formation of the state or of organized society, the prime motive being the desire for protection, which entails the surrender of some or all personal liberties;

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4)a formal agreement or contract between two or more states, such as an alliance or trade arrangement;

5)to assign officially, as for a position, responsibility.

15. Find and underline the sentences with the following words in the text (ex. 16).

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20. Match the words (1-12) with their definitions (a-l).

1)consumption;

2)currency;

3)energy;

4)industry;

5)investment;

6)money;

7)nuclear power;

8)office;

9)oil;

10)outlook;

11)regrowth;

12)supply.

a)the resurgence of an industry, economy, etc.;И

b)a source of power; Д

c)the official currency, in the form of banknotes, coins, etc.;

d)a metal or paper medium of exchange that is in current use in a particular country; А

e)a room or set of rooms in which business, professional duties, clerical work, etc.; б

f)power, especially electrical or motive, produced by a nuclear reactor;

g)another name for petroleum;и

h)organized economic activity concerned with manufacture, extraction and processing Сof raw materials, or construction;

i)expenditure on goods and services for final personal use;

j)the act of investing money;

k)willingness and ability to offer goods and services for sale;

l)view or prospect.

21. Use the dictionary to find the definitions to your own associations to the word ‘economics’ in ex. 19.

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22. Read the text below about Russia’s economy and complete the table.

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industry. The country has more higher education graduates than any other country in Europe.

The federal budget has run surpluses since 2001 and ended 2007 with a surplus of 6% of GDP. Over the past several years, Russia has used oil revenues from its Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation to prepay all Soviet-era sovereign debt to Paris Club creditors and the IMF. Oil export earnings have allowed Russia to increase its foreign reserves from $12 billion in 1999 to $597.3 billion on 1 August 2008, the third largest reserves in the world. The country has also been able to substantially reduce its formerly massive foreign debt.

The economic development of the country though has been uneven geographically with the Moscow region contributing a disproportionately high amount of the country's GDP. Much of Russia, especially indigenous and rural communities in Siberia, lags significantly behind. Nevertheless, the middle class has grown from just 8 million persons in 2000 to 55 million persons in 2006. Russia is home to the largest number of billionaires in the world after the United States, gaining 50 billionaires in

Pic. 195

Over the last five years, fixed capital investments have averaged real gains greater than 10% per year and personal incomes have achieved real gains more than 12% per year. During this time, poverty has declined

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steadily and the middle class has continued to expand. Russia has also improved its international financial position since the 1998 financial crisis. A principal factor in Russia's growth has been the combination of strong growth in productivity, real wages, and consumption. The upward trend continued in the first quarter of 2008, driven largely by rising food costs. Infrastructure, ageing and inadequate after years of being neglected, is considered to be a bottleneck to economic growth. The government has said $1 trillion will be invested in infrastructure by 2020.

consumer creditСbetween 2000–2006 increased 45 times, and during that same time period, the middle class grew from 8 million to 55 million, an increase of 7 times. The number of people living below the poverty line also decreased from 30% in 2000 to 14% in 2008.

Arms sales have increased to the point where Russia is the first in the world in sale of weapons, the IT industry has recorded a record year of growth concentrating on high end niches like algorithm design and microelectronics; Russia is now the world's third biggest destination for outsourcing software behind India and China. The space launch industry is now the world's second largest behind Arian Space of Europe and nuclear power plant companies are going from strength to strength, selling plants to China and India, and recently signed a joint venture with Toshiba to

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develop cutting edge power plants. Russia is experiencing a regrowth of Electronics. Among Russia's biggest television sets producers is Rolsen.

The large majority of Russia's exports are made up by raw materials and fertilizers, although exports as a whole accounted for only 8.7% of the GDP in 2007, compared to 20% in 2000.

The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources. However, most such resources are located in remote and climatically unfavorable areas that are difficult to develop and far from Russian ports. Oil and gas exports continue to be the main source of hard currency. Russia is a leading producer and exporter of minerals, gold, and all major fuels. The Russian fishing industry is the world's fourth-largest,

behind Japan, the United States, and China. Natural resources, especially energy, dominate Russian exports. Ninety percent of Russian exports to the United States are minerals or other raw materials.

its arid climate and inconsistent rainfall. NorthernИareas concentrate mainly on livestock, and the southern parts and western Siberia produce grain.

Restructuring of former state farms hasДbeen an extremely slow process. The new land code passed by the Duma in 2002 should speed restructuring

Russia comprises roughly three-quarters of the territory of the former

Soviet Union but has relatively little area suited for agriculture because of

restructuring and …

a) more than 80% of Russian exports abroad.

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b)greater political stability have bolstered economic growth in Russia.

c)strong growth in productivity, real wages, and consumption.

d)difficult to develop and far from Russian ports.

e)domestic market, as opposed to oil or mineral extraction and exports.

f)the 1998 financial crisis.

g)Russia is first in the world in sale of weapons.

h)attract new domestic investment to Russian agriculture.

24.Discuss with your partner if the modern economic situation in Russia is on the rise. Prove your ideas with the facts from the text you have read.

25.Read the text in ex. 22 again and draw up its plan.

26.Tell about the development of Russia’sИeconomy using your own plan. Д

27.Make the correct word boundaries. Give the main idea of the text you have got after correction. Аб

TECHANGEMELTSARCTICICEANDBELIEVINGTHEAREACONTAINSLи С

ARGERESERVS OFUNTAPPEDOILANDNATURALGASONAUGUST22007RUSSIANEXP LORERSINSUBMERSIBLESPLANTEDTHERUSSIANFLAGONTHEARCT

ICSEABEDSTAKINGACLAIMTOENERGYSOURCESRIGHTUPTOTHEN ORTHPOLEREACTIONTOTHEEVENTWASMIXEDPRESIDENVLADIMI RPUTINCONGRATULATEDTHEEXPLORERSFORTHEOUTSTANDING SCIENTIFICPROJECTWHILECANADIANOFFICIALSSTATEDTHEEXP EDITIONWASJUS APUBLI SHOW

Do you think it was only a show? What advantages will Russia get from this event? Give the examples.

28. Read the supplementary information about foreign relations and military of our country (pic. 197 - 198). Before reading the text find the meaning of the following words and expressions in the dictionary.

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•foreign policy;

Foreign relations and military

The Russian Federation has a permanentИseat on the UN Security Council, membership in other international organizations, the rights and obligations under international treaties and property and debts. Russia has a multifaceted foreign policy. It maintainsДdiplomatic relations with 178 countries and has 140 embassies. Russia's foreign policy is determined by the President and implemented byАthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, Russia plays a major role inбmaintaining international peace and security, and plays a major role in resolving international conflicts by participating in the Quartet on theиMiddle East, the Six-party talks with North Korea, promoting the resolution of the Kosovo conflict and resolving nuclear proliferation issues.СRussia is a member of the Group of Eight (G8) industrialized nations, the Council of Europe, OSCE and APEC. Russia usually takes a leading role in regional organizations such as the CIS, EurAsEC, CSTO, and the SCO. Former President Vladimir Putin had advocated a strategic partnership with close integration in various dimensions including establishment of four common spaces between Russia and the EU. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has developed a friendlier, albeit volatile relationship with NATO. The NATORussia Council was established in 2002 to work together as equal partners to pursue opportunities for joint collaboration.

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this, such as dedovschina (institutionalised hazing). This explains why the armed forces have reduced the conscription term from 18 months to 12 since 2008, and are planning to increase the proportion of contract servicemen to 70% of the armed forces by 2010. Defense expenditure has quadrupled over the past six years. Official government military spends $40 billion for 2008 and makes Russia the eighth largest country in the world. But it is important to note that various sources, including US intelligence, and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, have estimated Russia’s military expenditures to be considerably higher. Currently, the military is undergoing a major equipment upgrade with about $200 billion on procurement of military equipment between 2006 and 2015.

29.Look at the following abbreviations fromИthe text. What do they stand for?

OSCE; APEC; CIS; UN; EU; NATO; ICBM; U.S.

30.What is the English for: Д

• ОБСЕ, Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе;

31. Match the Сfacts from the text “Foreign relations and military” with the following figures.

1.037; 30; 26; 2008; 70; 2010; 200; 2015; 18-27; 40.

32. In pairs. Ask and answer your own questions using information from the text (ex. 28).

33. Work in group. Discuss the perspectives of Russian economic development. Use all information you have learnt from the previous texts and exercises.

34. Draw a plan of the text in ex. 28.

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35.Write an essay on the topic (not less than 200 words) without looking back at the text. You may use your plan.

36.What do you know about our region economy? What industries do you consider to be the most important? Brainstorm ideas.

38. Read the text about the development of Omsk Metro. Give its summary. Compare with your partner’s.

Omsk Metro (Omsky metropoliten) is currently under construction in Omsk, Russia. After long delays, the first section is scheduled to open in 2010, which will make it Siberia's second metropolitan underground railway system after the Novosibirsk Metro system that was opened in the mid 1980s.

Central planners in Moscow first identified Omsk as a metro-eligible city during the 1960s, due to its length along the Irtysh River and its relatively narrow streets. But after the plan was approved and financed, the planners decided to build an express tram instead, and the money allocated to Omsk was given to Chelyabinsk. In 1979, a Gosplan commission rejected a plan to build an express tram system since it was predicted to be

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unable to handle projected passenger flows without severely discomforting riders. In 1986, metro plans were revisited and financing began, along with the demolition of residential buildings to make way for tracks and a yard.

Construction began in 1992 between the stations Tupolevskaya (Russian: Туполевская) and Rabochaya (Russian: Рабочая ~ Workers' Station). The initial plans involved opening the section between the stations Marshala Zhukova and Rabochaya on the right bank of the Irtysh River to connect downtown to the manufacturing district, and then later to connect the line to the opposite bank of the Irtysh. Due to poor financial circumstances, by 2003 just the section between Tupolevskaya and Rabochaya was completed (with no intermediate stations). At this time the plans changed and the authorities decided to connect the two banks of the

Irtsh with a metro bridge, going between one station on the right bank and three on the left bank. The combined metro (lower level) and motorvehicle (upper level) bridge was built and opened to vehicular traffic in 2005.

Pic. 199

The current phase of construction involves four stations:

•Biblioteka Imeni Pushkina (Библиотека имени Пушкина ~ Pushkin Library)

•Zarechnaya (Заречная ~ Over the River)

•Kristall (Кристалл)

•Sobornaya (Соборная ~ Cathedral Station)

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This section is 6.1 km in length. The average speed is expected to be 36 km/h and travel time along the entire route is expected to be 10 minutes 12 seconds. Daily ridership is projected at 190,000 passengers and yearly ridership at 69 million.

Stations

All of the stations will be shallow.

•Biblioteka Imeni Pushkina was planned as Krasny Put' (Красный Путь ~ Red Way).

•Kristall was planned as Bulvar Arkhitektorov (Бульвар Архитекторов ~ Boulevard of the Architects)

•Sobornaya was planned as Avtovokzal (Автовокзал ~ Bus Terminal).

Future development

Plans call for the line to be extended on the right bank of the Irtysh to Rabochaya station (the section between TupolevskayaИand Rabochaya is

partially complete). The first line is planned to have 11 stations and a total

length of 13.6 km, with an additional metroДbridge over the Om River, by

2015 or 2016 (the latter date is the 300th anniversary of Omsk). When the line is complete, it is expected to have a daily ridership of 330,000 passengers. А

Construction of the second line will start after 2015. It will go on the right bank of the Irtysh, mostlyбparallel to the river. Transfer to the first line will be available at Biblioteka Imeni Pushkina. This line is expected to have twenty stations.иAt the same time, the first line is planned to be extended on the left bank by four stations.

The third lineСwill not be built until the distant future. If built, it will likely be on both banks of the Irtysh, like the first line.

39. Use the Internet or some other resources to find the information about the current phase of construction. Prepare a short presentation.

40. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions (pic. 199):

•What kind of transport do you prefer to take? Why?

•Is it necessary to construct the metro in our city? Why?

•What are the advantages and disadvantages of the metro construction?

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