HIGHWAY USAGE AND MAINTENANCE

1. Read and translate the text. Underline the key sentence in each paragraph.

СMain principles of the highway usage

The main task of the usage of the motor-car and the highway is achiev-

ing high speeds of the cars on the highways together with the assuring the comfort and safety of traffic with the most possible safety for a motor-car and highway. This problem becomes especially important with the increasing of automobile speed and with the development of high speed road construction.

usageиfixed for the highways are:

Depending on the demands of the motor car traffic the main indices of

a) the designedбspeed of movement, b) the designed weight of motor-cars.

These indices are set while designing or reconstructing the highway and must be followed up to the mark during the process of usage. One of the most important problemsАof the road usage is the estimate of the surfacing upper layer state.

Not only evenness but smoothness, dustiness and noisiness as well play an important role in estimating the quality of surfacing.

must have a fixed value of serviceДcoefficient, beneath which the usage service department must not allow any reduction of road quality.

But all these surfacing properties influence the amount of possible traffic speed far less than the evenness rate. Surfacing quality influences fuel consumption, rubber wear, motor car depreciation and consequently the

working cost of the motor-car transportations.

For the trunk highways and for the roads of special importance the coefficient of service must be not less than 1.

The coefficient of service is the index of surfacing state. Every road И

The constructed road with all the road constructions is put into operation and the repair and maintenance service is organized on the road. Therefore the road usage, maintenance and repair are closely connected.

The ensuring of such a state of the road which can in the best way satisfy all the traffic demands is achieved by the whole system of technical measures for road maintenance and repair.

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2. Read and study the following words:

evenness – ровность

smoothness – ровность, гладкость, плавность longitudinal section – продольный профиль

Сcross-section – поперечный профиль fuel – топливо

surface – поверхность, покрытие trunk – маг страль

satisfy – удовлетворять

demand – требован е, потребность

и1. The main task of the usage of the motor-car and the highway is of the high speeds of the cars on the highways together with

3. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

the assuring the comfort and safety of traffic.

1.The main task of usage of the motor-car and the highway is achieving of the high speeds of the cars as well as safety of traffic.

2.The estimation of the surfacing upper layer state is the only important problem of the road usage.

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1.What is the main task of the usage of the motor-car and the highway?

2.What influences the amount of possible traffic speed?

3.What is the one of the most important problems of the road usage?

4.What is the coefficient of service?

5.How must the state of the road which can satisfy all the traffic demands be achieved?

6.Give the English equivalents:би

7. Choose the right form of the verb.

1. The main task of the usage of the motor-car and highway is

___________ of the high speeds of the cars.

a)achieving

b)to achieve

c)achieve

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2. One of the most important problems of the road usage is

_________ of the surfacing upper layer state. a) the estimate

b) the estimation c) estimating

3. All these factors _________ the amount of traffic speed. a) influence on

8.Ask your friend to tell you about main principles of the highway usage.

9.Read the text and say what facts mentioned in it you have nev-

er heard before. Compare your answers with the information got at Physics lessons. Д

Principles of Road UsageИ

The Influence of Road upon Automobile. When any vehicle is moving along the road there appears the interaction between the vehicle and the road.

The wheels of the rolling stock influence the road (road surfacing) directly creating the horizontal and vertical efforts on the road surfacing.

All this causes rubbing out the surfacing. The more the weight and speed of the traffic and the more rigid the wheels and parts of the rolling stock the more intense the influence of the wheels upon the surfacing.

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The road surfacing in its turn has the definite influence upon the rolling stock, causing the resistance to the movement, the impacts, vibration of some parts of the vehicles, the sliding of the wheels. The interaction of the rolling stock with the road results in the gradual wearing and damaging some parts of vehicles as well as those of the road.

СIn order to reduce and decelerate the process of damaging we try to accommodate the running parts and the other parts of the vehicles to the conditions of movement along the road surface, and the road builders try to construct such surfacing which will bе the most suitable for the type of the vehicle, its weight and speed. Thus the main task of the repair and the maintenance is ensuring the operational quality of the road so as to have maximum efficiency of transport.

The road agency is also entrusted with the task of gradual road im-

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12. Read the text again and write questions to these answers.

13.Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue using the information from the text and your own knowledge on the subject.

14.Increase your vocabulary. Make sentences of your own, using these phrases:и

in order to; thus;бso as; influence; appear; the more … the more; in its turn; result in; as well as; while.

along the road

there appears the interaction Д parts of the rolling stock

15. Suggest the АRussian equivalents:

causing the resistance to the movement the sliding of the wheels

to the conditions of movement exploitation service

raising the technical type of the road

16. You do not know the meaning of some terms. Ask your friend

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cause the least possible disruption or hazard to traffic. As an illustration, patching of bituminous surfaces is often done with premixed aggregate and binder that have been stockpiled along the road ready for immediate use. The mix is hauled from the stockpile by truck and placed with hand shovels. Another method utilized a tank trailer for bituminous binder towed by

Сa dump truck loaded with aggregate. A pump, mounted on the trailer, forces the fluid binder through a hose to a hand spray.

18. Read and study the following words:

mud-jacking – ремонт просевших етонных плит нагнетанием раство-

undersealing – о ра отка слоя основания до укладки дорожного покрытия, протравка

output – производительность, мощность, затрата, расход to stockpile – укладывать в штабеля, в кучи

to haul – перевозить, доставлять, транспортировать to tow – буксировать, тащить

Maintenance, transportation, responsibility, treatment, replacement, pavement, operation, construction, production, location, performance, disruption, illustration, trailer.

20. Translate following pairs of words, paying attention to the meaning of prefix re-.

To surface – resurface; to mix – remix; to lay – relay; to move – remove; to place – replace.

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21. Use the verbs given in brackets in proper Passive Forms.

1. Highway maintenance (to define, Pres. Perf.) as “the preserving and keeping of roadways”. 2. Often highway maintenance forces (to call on, Pres. Indef.) in time of flood and heavy snow. 3. For surface treatments

Сa lot of operations (to involve, Pres. Indef.). 4. For surface construction and for surface maintenance the same materials (to employ, Pres. Indef.). 5. Maintenance operations (to plan, Pres. Indef.) for rapid performance. 6. Patching of bituminous surfaces (to do, Pres. Indef.) with aggregate and binder that (to stockpile, Pres. Perf.) along the road. 7. The mix usually (to haul, Pres. Indef.) from the stockpile by truck and (to place, Pres. Indef.) with hand shovels.

Constructed facilities; improvedДconditions; stranded motor cars, afflicted areas, failed road sections, separated stockpiles; mixed materials, towed bituminous binder tank trailer, loaded dump truck; hauled material,

1.How is highway maintenance defined?

2.What do highway maintenance forces care for?

3.What requirements do maintenance operations meet?

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25. Read the additional text and give its short summary:

come very serious social problems. In constructing and maintaining urban roads, it is required that the works should be carried out while maintaining the traffic and as a result,Аroad works are sometimes undertaken at night, thus discomforts to the dwellers along the roadside specially due to noise and vibration, have increased.

As measures against this, new construction methods and machines have been developed which aim to reduce noise and vibration. And also the size of equipment used has been reduced in order to maintain traffic. Two construction methods recently developed and already put into operation are summarized as follows:

1. Replacement of pavement

draulic mechanism is employed to move a piston to another type, a special attachment with the shape of a blade is used to attach on to a hydraulic shovel remove the existing pavement (hacktor) thus decreasing breakers.

Moreover, in the new breakers, a vibration insulator is used to reduce the vibration during operation.

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2. Driving and pulling of piles

As a conventional method to reduce noise during the construction of piles, the pile has been placed after pre-boring and the pile tip is fixed into the ground by impact.

However, the noise generated by this impact has become a special problem. Further, pulling of piles is mostly done by the vibration method and

Сryиreduction in both noise and vibration.

there are many complains from the public as the vibration is severe.

In the newly developed method, with the use of hydraulic cylinders or special blocks with multi-pulley system, the power of winches is increased and piles are driven by pressing into ground or pulled out with a satisfacto-

26. Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrB1ZJ5LDR8 and describe the works that are included into maintaining of roads.

fic with theбgiven speed and load as well as for the all year-round traffic and economic transport operation. The road maintenance includes the sea-

27. Read the text. Tell about the main ways of road maintenance.

Road Maintenance

Maintenance and repair of the highways must provide for the safe traf-

son jobs necessary for the road being clean and in a proper technical condition, the jobs preventing different elemental forcing, the jobs on placing

be the preventive repair fulfilled according to a plan and repairing of sudden damage. Average repair includes periodical jobs, made once in some years with the aim of preserving the road, ofИimproving its operational qualities and renewing some road elements. The average repair jobs are done in complex i.e. all the elements of the road and road constructions of a definite section of the highway are repaired at the same time as to receive in all respects good section of the highway.

Restoring repairs are the periodical jobs performed for full making up of the wear of the highway as a whole i.e. the simultaneous restoration of the revetment and the road bed on the large sections of the road and restoration of some big artificial structures.

The reconstruction of the road represents the complex of jobs with the view of complete changing the width of the highway, the revetment; con-

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struction, the type of structures and the draught of the whole sections. The road reconstruction must result in significant rise of operation qualities of the highway, namely the designed load and the service period of revetment and structures. The maintenance should begin the instant that the construction is completed. The maintenance is performed all the year round but the

Сamount and the character of the work depend upon the season of the year and upon the season traffic density.

The Pavement Repair. Ordinary and average repairs of pavements consist of repairing some damaged or sagged places by removing the old surface from those places, repairing the foundation with the addition of some new material and by paving the section again with the same stones adding some new stones instead of broken ones and instead of those converted in-

и been damagedбor when the pavement had lost its profile.

to cobble stones.

The capital repair is undertaken in case of large areas of road having

The repair is nothing else as taking to pieces the entire pavement, repair of the foundation, addition of some fresh sand and repaying with the utilization of the old material and the addition of some new material. The reconstruction of the pavementАdiffers from the capital repair in performing additional work for improving the subgrade or adding some new material for the surfacing and underlayer.

Asphalt Pavement Repair. Ordinary and average repair of asphalt concrete surfacing consists of the following principal operations:

4) laying new mixture and consolidatingДit;

1) cutting the material out of the damaged place with making its out-

line rectilineal;

2) cleaning the damaged place from dust, dirt and debris of surfacing;

3) lubricating the edges of good surfacing with the hot bitumen; И

5) tamping the mixture along the contour;

6) tamping and rolling the mixture over the whole area; 7) treating the surface of the repaired place.

For repairing work the mixture of the same composition as for the principal pavement is used.

Sometimes it is possible to use cast mixtures that are the most simply laid and easily consolidated, which is very convenient with the small spaces to repair.

The capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is performed in case of there being large area of damaged sections requiring significant amount of work for repairing separate potholes and damages.

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The capital repair includes the laying of additional layer of asphalt concrete with the preliminary removing of strongly damaged spots and placing a layer of astringent instead of it. Reconstruction of asphaltconcrete surface is necessary when the damage and significant deformation of the foundation and the subgrade are evident.

СThe reconstruction of the asphalt concrete surface consists of taking all the road revetment to pieces, repairing the subgrade, constructing a new foundation and new surface.

28. Read and study the following words:

urgentи– срочный prevent – предотвращать damage – поврежден е

simultaneous – одновременный revetment – одежда (дорожная) road bed – дорожное полотно

artificial structure – скусственное сооружение

a. The road maintenance includes only the season jobs necessary for the road being clean.

c. The maintenance is performed only during the summer period.

d. Tamping the mixture along the contour is the main principal operation of the pavement repair.

e. The capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is performed in case of there being large area of damaged sections requiring significant amount of work.

f. Reconstruction of asphalt-concrete surface is necessary even when we can see small damages.

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30. Give the English equivalents:

сезонные работы строительство определенного участка дороги комплексные работы значительное увеличение в случае капитальный ремонт

31. These are the types of the road maintenance.

A. Give the examples of each type. Use the words and word com-

и damaged surface,бrepairing the foundation, material, in case of, loose

profile, underlayer, cut out, dirt and debris of surfacing, mixture of composition, use, cast mixtures, damaged sections, instead of, reconstruction, significant deformation.

B. Make up the sentences of your own with the words from the box. 32. Discuss the questions with your partner.

1. In what cases the capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is

all the year round with the addition of in case of

it is possible

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34. Speak on the topic: “In summer I’ll have the practice on the road maintenance activity”.

Highlight at least 5 points of your operations connected with the road maintenance.

С35. Find in the text constructions with the Passive Voice. Transform the following sentences from Passive into Active Voice:

Example: The average repair jobs are done in complex (Passive). – One should do the average repair jobs in complex (Active).

и36. Read the following text, find sentences containing: a) the main information;

b) specific information.

бLight-coloured rolled asphalt

The use of light-coloured road surfacings is frequently suggested as a means of reducing night-driving hazards, and the effect of the colour and texture of road surfacingsАon their appearance under various lighting conditions has been discussed. Concrete is, of course, intrinsically light in colour but when bituminous materials are used, special measures are necessary to produce light-coloured surfacings and several experiments have been carried out by the Road Research Laboratory to find ways of doing this.

The simplest method is to surfaceДdress the road with a light-coloured stone. In this form of surfacing, little binder is visible and the colour is almost entirely dependent on the stone.

If it is required to lighten the colour of a mixed material such as coated macadam or fine cold asphalt on a road carryingИa substantial amount of traffic, it is generally sufficient to use a light-coloured aggregate. The relatively soft binder used in these materials soon wears from the surface and, after a month or two, the stone is the predominant constituent in the surface. If the surfacing must be light-coloured from the time of laying, however, then pigments and special are necessary and the cost rises sharply: 5 per cent of titanium-dioxide pigment, for instance, will approximately treble the cost of a coated macadam wearing course. If a pale resinous binder is used instead of bitumen the increase in price will be similar.

The same considerations apply to rolled asphalt, which is the surfacing material normally chosen when traffic is very heavy. If pigment and a resinous binder are used the cost will be extremely high. It is, however, possi-

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ble to achieve a considerable lightening of the asphalt by merely rolling light-coloured coated chipping into the surface. In the last few years the Road Research Laboratory has carried chippings in rolled asphalt and these are described in articles, together with some of the work leading up to them.

С37. Give Russian equivalents to:

light-coloured rolled asphalt; night-driving hazards; to surface-dress a

road; fine cold asphalt; coated macadam wearing course.

риска38. Translate into English.

1. ветлое дорожное покрытие используется для уменьшения ДТП в ночное время. 2. В некоторых случаях цвет верхнего слоя зав с т от цвета наполнителя смеси. 3. Мягкое вяжущее быстро

изнаш ваетсябпрео ладающим компонентом верхнего слоя остается щебень. 4. Светлые смолистые вяжущие, используемые вместо битумов, увеличивают стоимостьАмакадамного слоя. 5. Укатанный асфальт используется на дорогах с интенсивным движением.

39. Answer the questions.

1. What is light-coloured roadДsurfacing used for? 2. What is the simplest method to make a road light-coloured? 3. What other methods to lighten road surfacing are there? 4. What binder is more expensive: bituminous or resinous? 5. What surfacing is usually chosen when traffic is heavy? И

40. Read the following text. Translate it into Russian in written form. Divide text into meaningful parts and entitle them.

Simple metrological technique for checking the state of the pavements of forest roads

In order to evaluate the degree of degradation of the road surface to decide objectively on the need to repair or rebuild the pavement of a forestry road, simple test devices which are easy to operate and the corresponding metrological processes have been devised and tested.

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Feeler gauge recording surface inequalities with a Tastograph

Here we have used the indirect method of detecting surface inequalities by using the registration of their effects on a moving vehicle. The principle of the device lies in an inert mass suspended on a system of supports which remains still in relation to the vertical oscillation of the vehicle body while

Сthe vehicle moves forward at a constant speed, the load and tyre inflation also being constant. The vertical movement of the vehicle is registered on a

suitable scale on the recording strip of the Tastograph. The recording is read with the aid of a lens. The frequency, size and longitudinal position of the inequalities recorded provide an image of the degree and type of wear of the pavement. From the time point on the tastogramme, the speed of movement and the sate of the moleage recorder on the vehicle, the position of the road damage can be deduced.

иBut the analysis of the recording requires a lot of time. It is necessary to classify theбinequalities according to their size, to compare them with standard deviations and only then can the degree of damage to the road be assessed. The sample allowing an assessment of the degree of damage to the surface is the recording carried out under the same conditions and in the same way on a newАpavement, using the same device.

Electronic counter of road surface inequalities

This is the development of an idea of progressing from the transmission of impulses registered graphically by classifying them according or their size (as a percentage) and obtaining the final information using a suitable arrangement of an electronic device – the Tastograph and the electronic

We use an electromagnetic vibrationДdetector, the movement of which causes a membrane above the polar masses of Иan electromagnet to oscillate. The electronic circuit acts as a frequency breaker in the detector and its output is adapted to record the impulses in three groups based on their size. The impulses are counted by electromagnetic counters. The device is

damage counter.

tensionally stabilized and the temperature kept constant: it also incorporates an electronic circuit to maintain a time interval of 30 seconds between recordings.

Measurements are taken at a speed of 20 km/h, as in the case of the Tastograph. The device is calibrated by running it over a good quality, new pavement, the sensitivity being adjusted so as not to record more than 10 impulses for the first type of damage. A suitable choice of test sections the

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position of which can be determined sufficiently well using a mileage recorder, permits a quick assessment of the surface state of forest roads while the vehicle is moving: it would otherwise be necessary to stop and descend from the vehicle. A magnetic recorder in parallel with the signal authorizes the return in the rear of the impulses counter or visual display on the oscil-

Сloscope screen.

41. Answer the questions.

1. What is used for recording surface inequalities? и2. How is the recording read?

3. What do the frequency, size and position of inequalities provide? 4. At what speed of the car are the measurement taken?

5. What information can you get by using the Tastograph and electronic counter?б

А Д И

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