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С25. Answer the following questions.

1. What does traffic engineering deal with? 2. What is traffic engineers иassigned? 3. What falls within the province of the traffic engineer? 4. What do traffic characteristics include? 5. What are traffic volume characteristics? 6. What do traffic regulations cover? 7. What does traffic engineer supervise? 8. What do traffic-control devices consist of? 9. What is the role of traffic regulation? 10. What must every traffic engineer take into account?

26. Find the add word in every line using information from the text.

-planning, design, operation, cleaning of all devices that aid the flow of traffic;

-physical factors, traffic volume, speed characteristics, traffic stream flows, automobile characteristics, accidents, vehicular limitations, human characteristics;

-hourly pattern, day-of-week variation, parking problems, classification of vehicles, trends in volumes, the methods of volume counting;

-traffic laws and ordinances, speed control, traffic signs, curb-parking control. бАД

27. Translate sentences into English.

1.Организация дорожного движения – важная часть дорожного строительства.

2.Правильная установка дорожных знаков и разметок способствует безопасности движения.

3.В зависимости от функции дорожные знаки делятся на предупреждающие, запрещающие, направляющие и указывающие.

4.Правильное проектирование дороги также способствует снижению несчастных случаев.

5.Дорожные знаки и указатели очень важны на дорогах с интенсивным движением.

6.Важная функция разметок – направлять потоки движения.И

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7. Главная задача инженера по безопасности дорожного движения – тщательный контроль за квалификацией водителей и соблюдением правил безопасной перевозки грузов и пассажиров.

28. Read the text and write the plan of the text. Make up the rendering.

СThe continuing acquisition and analysis of accident statistics confirm great

need to reduce accidents. A potential overall reduction is possible with road environment features: improvements at road junctions and intersections provide major opportunities for accident savings. On current sections the use of rumble strips and edgelining seems to improve driver’s behaviour. A check on driving in foggy conditions shows that drivers reduce speed but not

иvisibility, equipment was installed on a duel 3-lane motorway during the winter which photographed vehicles from the rear and recorded their speed.

down to that indicated to them on signs.

A fog detector was used to switch on the equipment when the visibility dropped below 200 m and all vehicles in a selected lane passing the equipment at more than 8km/h were then photographed.

To studyбАdrivers’ behaviour in fog in relation to vehicle speed and

The results show that drivers did not reduce speed a great deal until

visibility dropped to 100-150 m. At 50 m visibility, although speeds were

29. Read and translate the text.

substantially lower, more than half the drivers were exceeding the speed at which they could stop within thisДvisibility distance.

HISTORY OF ROAD MARKING

longitudinal – продольный

reputedly – как известно, как предполагается

Among the earliest pavement markings was the longitudinal center stripe which reputedly appeared first in Wayne County, Michigan, in 1911. The most common design of the stripe has 15-ft dashes separated by 25-ft

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spaces. Other dash-space combinations range from 9-15 to 70-70. A few agencies employ continuous lines. Width of line usually is 4in., although 3-6- in. stripes appear. Colour generally is recommended white, but some agencies use yellow. Patterns and colour for pavement markings differ

among highway agencies, but there is substantial progress toward uniformity. Today painted or built-in pavement markings are one of the most Сhelpful instruments for traffic direction and control. Stripes are employed to

delineate roadway center lines, lane boundaries, no-passing zones, pavement edges, roadway transitions, and the approach of obstructions, streetcar clearances, turns, stop lines, crosswalks, railroad crossings, and parkingspace limits. Symbols, words, or numbers convey pertinent information such as that about speed limits and the nearness of schools.

иPaints are fast drying, but almost all states use signs or protective devices to prevent vehicles from tracking them. In 15 states, motorists crossing newly

Most agencies employ specialized mechanical equipment and trained crews for pavement striping. Some units are capable of covering 60 to 70

miles perбАday. Hand painting by spray or brush is necessary in tight quarters.

painted lines are subject to arrest. Normal service life of stripes is 6 to 9 months.

A variety of paint mixtures are employed for striping. Worthy of particular notice is the strong trend toward the inclusion of glass beads to

increase night visibility. In 1950 more than half of paint applied was beaded.

1. A few agencies employ continuousДlines. 2. Most agencies employ specialized mechanical equipment and trainedИcrews for pavement striping. 3. Almost all states use signs or protective devices to prevent vehicles from

30. а) Find in the text given above 4 sentences with passive verbs. Translate them;

b) Change sentences using passive forms of the predicate.

tracking them. 4. In 15 states, motorists crossing newly painted lines are subject to arrest.

31. Read and translate the text devoted to traffic rules in Russia.

1.A car driver must possess a driving license and a registration card of a car.

2.It is forbidden to drive in the left-hand lane if the right-hand lane is free.

3.The driver is responsible for the condition of his car; and in particular the reliability of his brakes; the steering; the tyres and the lights and indicators on his car.

4.While driving in traffic, the driver must observe and strictly adhere to road signs, signals and traffic lights.

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5. Before making a left or right turn, a complete turn; accelerating, stopping, or making any other maneuvers which may alter his position in the lane, the driver must give warnings; by signaling not less than 5 seconds before he starts the particular maneuver.

6. Horn signaling may be used only outside city limits.

7. The speed of the machine is regulated by the driver according to the Сcondition of the road, visibility; intensity of traffic and the number of

pedestrians. The speed limit in cities, towns and villages is 60 km/h.

8. At non-regulated crossings, the traffic on the main street has the right of way. At street or road junctions of equal importance, the car coming from the иright has the right of way.

9. At any street junctions of equal importance trams have the right of way irrespective of their direction.

10. If the traffic light contains additional lights (except those passing the pedestrians), a turn may be made only when the signal of a green arrow lit up. While waiting for this signal, the car must wait at the “stop” line.

32. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1)What types of junctions do you know?

2)What subdivisions of interchanges and intersections are offered in the text?

бАROAD JUNCTIONS

A road junction is a locationДwhere vehicular traffic going in different directions can proceed in a controlled manner designed to minimize accidents. In some cases, vehicles can change between different routes or directions of travel.

Roads were initially built as rights of wayИto link locations of interest: towns, forts and geographic features like fords. As a result, many such locations formed the meeting point of such roads and they became the first road junctions. Where roads met outside of town, these junctions provided an attractive point to build a new settlement, such that they could receive passing trade from both directions.

Junctions are often named to help travelers navigate road networks. Names can be assigned by geographic location of the junction, or the name or direction of the connecting routes.

In some cases, particularly in the United Kingdom, a junction could become known by the name of a notable pub located at the intersection. Pubs were often located in junctions to maximize passing trade, and the junctions became known by the name of the pubs, even in cases where the pub was

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later demolished. Other junctions may be named after local natural or manmade features.

However, with the 20th century advent of road traffic, roads became much busier and junctions became clogged with vehicles unable to cross each other’s paths. In modern practice, bypasses and ring roads are used to keep

through traffic out of major population centres.

Сjunction. Some countries with right-hand traffic use a right turn on red rule. There are two different types of junction between roads. Interchanges are

Left turn on red is a traffic adjustment used in junctions to reduce the waiting time on traffic lights. It is implemented in some countries that have left-hand traffic (e.g., Singapore). It can be implemented either by allowing the vehicles to turn left by using the "give way" rule, or by providing a separate lane connecting the two perpendicular roads and avoiding the

иpoint of conflict by utilizing grade separation and slip roads. The terms motorway junction and highway junction typically refer to this layout.

junctions where roads pass above or below one another, preventing a single

Intersections do not use grade separation (they are at-grade) and roads cross directly. Forms of these junction types include roundabouts and traffic circles, priority junctions, and junctions controlled by traffic lights or signals.

33. Give definitions to the following terms:

34. Read the text and find out what types of traffic signs are distinguished in Europe. И

TRAFFIC SIGNS

Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of roads to provide information to road users. With increasing speed of transport, the tendency is for countries to adopt pictorial signs or otherwise simplify and standardize signs, to facilitate international travel where language differences can create barriers and in general to reduce the risks in driving. Such pictorial signs use symbols in place of words and are usually a result of international standards. Such signs were first developed in Europe, and have been adopted by most countries to varying degrees.

Traffic signs can be grouped into several types. For example, Annexe 1 of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968), which at 30 June 2004 had 52 signatory countries, defines eight categories of signs:

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Danger warning signs indicate a hazard ahead on the road that may not be readily apparent to a driver. In most countries, they usually take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background and a thick red border. However, both the colour of the background and the colour and thickness of the border vary from country to country.

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A number of countries do not give information for the road ahead (so-called “pull-through” signs), and only for the directions left and right. Advance directional signs enable drivers to take precautions for the exit (e.g., switch lanes, double check whether this is the correct exit, slow down). They often do not appear on lesser roads, but are normally posted on expressways and motorways, as drivers would be missing exits without them. While each nation has its own system, the first approach sign for a motorway exit is

Сmostly placed at least 1000 m from the actual interchange. After that sign, one or two additional advance directional signs typically follow before the actual interchange itself.

Distances on traffic signs generally follow the measurement system in иuse by the country. Most U.S. road signs use the imperial system of miles (or a fraction) or yards, although the federal Department of Transportation has developed metric standards for all signs. United Kingdom signs also display distances in miles. Elsewhere, metric distances are in very wide use, though not universal.бА

Where signs use a language, the recognised language/s of the area is normally used. Signs in most of the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are in English. Quebec uses French, while New Brunswick and the Jacques-Cartier and Champlain bridges, in Montreal (as well as some parts in the West Island), use both English and French, and a number of other provinces and states, such as Ontario, Manitoba, and Vermont use bilingual French-English signs in certain localities. Mexico uses Spanish. Within a few miles of the U.S.-Mexico border, road signs are often in English and Spanish. Indigenous languages, mainly NahuatlДas well as some Mayan languages, have been used as well. In Israel, many signs are in Hebrew, Arabic and English.

35. Answer the following questions using theИinformation from the text.

1) What are the reasons for appearance of standardized pictorial signs? 2) What is the difference between prohibitory and mandatory signs? 3) Where are advanced directional signs normally placed?

4) What type of traffic signs is less internationally standardized than others? 5) What measurement systems do traffic signs use in different countries? 6) What is the reason for placing bilingual signs?

36. Read the following texts and choose suitable titles for them from the following ones:

1)Modern construction technologies and Road traffic safety

2)Road traffic safety problems of large cities

3)Road traffic safety and public policy

4)Road traffic safety in different types of areas

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I

For road traffic safety purposes it can be helpful to classify roads into ones in built-up area, non built-up areas and then major highways.

Pedestrians and cyclists are among the most vulnerable road users, and in some countries constitute over half of all road deaths. Interventions aimed

and are characterised by the removal of traditional traffic signals and signs, and even by the removal of the distinction between carriageway and footway.

At the other end of the spectrum from build-up area roads are motorways, which may be called freeways, limited access highways. Motorways improve safety by:

limited access from properties and local roads;

grade separated junctions;

median dividers between opposite-direction traffic to reduce likelihood of head-on collisions;

removing roadside obstacles;

prohibition of more vulnerable road users and slower vehicles;

placements of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels);

eliminating road toll booths. И

Although these roads may experience greater severity than most roads to due higher speeds in the event of a crash, the probability of a crash is reduced by removing interactions (crossing, passing, slower and opposing traffic), and crash severity is reduced by removing massive, fixed objects

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or surrounding them with energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels).

Motorways are far more expensive and space-consumptive to build than ordinary roads, so are only used as principal arterial routes. The improved safety and fuel economy of motorways are common justifications for building more motorways. However, the planned capacity of motorways is often exceeded in a shorter timeframe than initially planned, due to the underestimation of the extent of the suppressed demand for road travel. In developing nations, there is significant public debate on the desirability of

“bleed” or “flush” to the surface, leaving a very smooth surface that provides little traction when wet. Certain kinds of stone aggregate become very smooth or polished under the constant wearing action of vehicle tires, again leading to poor wet-weather traction. Either of these problems can increase wet-weather crashes by increasing braking distances or contributing to loss of control. If the pavement is insufficiently sloped or poorly drained, standing water on the surface can also lead to wet-weather crashes. To avoid this many roads are cambered (crowned), that is, made so that they have rounded surfaces, to reduce standing water and ice, primarily to prevent frost damage but also increasing traction in poorДweather. Some sections of road are now surfaced with porous bitumen to enhance drainage; this is particularly done on bends. As well as that, there are often grooves cut into the surface of cement highways to channel water away. These are just a few elements of highway engineering.

Better motorways are banked on curves Иin order to reduce the need for tire-traction and increase stability for vehicles with high centers of gravity. Modern safety barriers are designed to absorb impact energy and minimize the risk to the occupants of cars, and bystanders. For example, most side rails are now anchored to the ground, so that they cannot skewer a passenger compartment, and most light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Some road fixtures such as road signs and fire hydrants are designed to collapse on impact. Highway authorities have also removed trees in the vicinity of roads; while the idea of “dangerous trees” has attracted a certain amount of skepticism, unforgiving objects such as trees can cause severe damage and injury to any errant road users.

Most road signs and pavement marking materials are retro-reflective, incorporating small glass spheres or prisms to more efficiently reflect light from vehicle headlights back to the driver’s eyes.

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Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with cat’s eyes or Botts’ dots, bright reflectors that do not fade like paint. Botts’ dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California.

СIn some countries major roads have “tone bands” impressed or cut into the edges of the legal roadway, so that drowsing drivers are awakened by a loud hum as they release the steering and drift off the edge of the road. Tone bands are also referred to as “rumble strips”, owing to the sound they create. иAn alternative method is the use of “raised rib” markings, which consists of a continuous line marking with ribs across the line at regular intervals. They were first specially authorised for use on motorways as an edge line marking to separate the edge of the hard shoulder from the main carriageway. The objectiveбАof the marking is to achieve improved visual delineation of the carriageway edge in wet conditions at night. It also provides an audible/vibratory warning to vehicle drivers, should they stray from the carriageway, and run onto the marking.

37. Give a talk on your speciality (automobile transport, electrical equipment, internal combustion engines, cargo transportation, professional education and traffic regulation).

Д И

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