LESSON 7. HOW IS DC PRODUCED?

Read the text and define the core points. Write the summary of it.

Today most commercial buildings make use of traditional compressorbased cooling to suit their cooling needs. DС is normal produced by means of one or more of the following technologies:

• conventional compressor-based cooing;

• absorption cooling, transforming waste heat into cooling;

• free coding, utilizing cool ambient air or cool water from the ocean, take or river.

These three technologies are often combined to obtain the most optimal D system m a certain setting. If the surroundings include access to cold air or water, free cooling is very often the most desirable cooling method, as the operation expenses just composes maintenance costs. On the other hand, if there is easy access to cheap surplus heat, the chemical process of absorption cooling can be an optimal solution. Compressor-based cooling has low investment costs, and operates efficient - even at low loads. However, the operational costs of compressor-based cooling depend on the electricity price and the maintenance cost of the mechanical parts can be high. One of the biggest advantages of DC systems is however the option of using storage tanks to even out the cooling demand throughout the day and optimize the production. This lowers need for installed capacity due to higher utilization of equipment and makes the energy production cheaper and more energy-efficient, as the peak toad is spread out and everyone can get a lower coding price.

Current market for DC. Some of the most developed markets m Europe are Sweden and France. In Sweden the DС market share is estimated to be 25 % and from 2005 to 2009 they increased their installed cooling capacity with almost 50 %. In 2005 France had 400 WW (110.000 TR) installed and in 2009 the capacity was more than 600 MW (170,000 TR).

In Denmark, the number of DС projects is steadily increasing. As of today, the total installed capacity is estimated to be about 50 MW but the potential is much larger. On the Asian continent, Japan and Korea have more than 5000 MW (1,4

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million TR) installed capacity, in the Northern America, the USA has 14.000 MW (4 million TR) of installed DС capacity. Due to the climate, the Middle East has a large Potential for DC and the DC development here has been very intense in the last couple of years. From 2007-2015 the increase in capacity is estimated to be 65,000 MW (18,6 million TR), and still the DC market here is

system.

10. Compressor-based cooling operates efficiently at any load.

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Ex.2. Match two columns and make word combinations (as they are given in the text).

Ex.3. Match word combinations from Ex.2.with its Russian equivalent.

Начальная фаза, затраты на эксплуатацию, последняя пара лет, включать сто мость о служивания, постоянно растущий, баки хранения, снизить потребность, выровнять потребность в охлаждении, достичь оптимальной системы, удовлетворить потребности, производится посредством.

Ex.4. Choose the correct answer.

1. Some of the most developed markets in Europe are……

A) Sweden and Denmark B) Sweden and England C) Sweden and France 2. In Sweden cooling capacity was increased from …… with almost……….

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LESSON 8. SOCIETY IS STAKE

Read the text and define the core points. Write the summary of it.

СибАДИDistrict cooling can often present the best business case to building owners and tenants. But of equal impotence, it can offer a number of benefits to

the surrounding community locally and nationally. District cooling (DC) is most often a more energy efficient way of providing cooling than conventional central or single-room air-conditioning, and thus it is a more resource efficient solution. From an energy system perspective DC like district heating (DH) can also provide a better background for the implementation of renewable energy sources, solar and wind in particular. It does so by offering to even out the demand profile and enabling a more stable production.

Also the switch from central or single-room cooling solutions to DC can smoothen the demand curve of electricity. As with DC this is done through the use of energy storages, but also the demand profiles are aggregated, which allows for a steadier production. Moreover, the cooling needs not come from an electricity dense production, but can make use of free cooling, such as rivers and lakes, or surplus heat through absorption chillers. In that case the demand for electricity in the process is significantly reduced.

So, if DC is desirable, and we agree as well that cooling as a service is needed, why is it then still so underdeveloped and isolated in a few places around the globe - even in countries famous for their DH?

The answers may lie for a large part, with challenges common with DH services. It requires large up-front long term investment, a stable policy framework, and collaboration between various stakeholders.

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DС is a capital intensive business, just as DH, and thus the barrier of financing is ever present. The required investment in a network to supply the chilled water to the end-consumer is relatively large. For a given amount of energy, the DC pipes are also much bigger than an equivalent pipe for distributing heat as hot water. The capital intensive issue makes DС not the preferred business for many investors.

The lack of a stable policy framework (of the lack of a policy framework at all), furthermore increases insecurity and makes a sound financing difficult. The lack of framework makes interested companies, e.g. an established DH company, abstain from taking initiatives in establishing DC schemes. Creating a DC scheme ultimately means laying pipes on private, public ground, and it would benefit from a clear set of rules on how to gain access to laying pipes and which conditions investment is subject to.

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