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50 Russian ! English in Writing. # 18

Œ¥¦¤ã ¯à®ç¨¬, ¯®á«¥ of, à ¢-® ª ª ¨ ¢ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠å, ¢ë¤¥«ï- ¥¬ëå ¯à¥¤«®£ ¬¨, ¯¥à¥¤ [U]-noun ç áâ® ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ ¯ãá⮩ ®¯à¥¤¥«¨- ⥫ì. ’ ª ¦¥ ¤¥©áâ¢ãîâ á adjective +[U], ¥á«¨ âਡã⨢-®¥ ¯à¨« - £ ⥫ì-®¥ -¥ ¢ëà ¦ ¥â ª®-ªà¥â-®£® ᯥªâ ¯à¥¤¬¥â , ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥â á⥯¥-ì (great, perfect, su cient, huge, immense, in nite, major, etc.) ¨«¨ ®â-®á¨âáï ª ¢à¥¬¥-¨ (modern, ancient, eternal, contemporary, nal, etc.), - 樮- «ì-®áâ¨, ¬¥áâ-®á⨠¨ â. ¯.

‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ¨â®£ á⮨⠯®¤ç¥àª-ãâì, çâ® ¤«ï ¯®¤ ¢«ïî饣® ¡®«ì- è¨-á⢠¯®âॡ-®á⥩ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ á।-¥© âàã¤-®á⨠‚ ¬ å¢ â¨â á«¥¤ãîé¨å ã¯à®é•¥--ëå ¯à ¢¨«.

The Great Dozen of Determiner Commandments

(¬¨-¨ªãàá ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«¥©)

Ž¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«¨ ¤«ï áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-ëå.

Š ¦¤®¬ã áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¬ã ®â¤¥«ì-ë© ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«ì. ˆ§ ¤¢ãå ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«¥© ®¤¨- | ¯ãá⮩ à⨪«ì. Ž¡®§- ç¥-¨ï ¬®£ãâ á«ã¦¨âì ¨¬¥- ¬¨.

ˆ¬¥- (á â¨âã« ¬¨ ¨ ¡¥§) âॡãîâ ? ᯥ।¨. ˆ¬¥- ¤¥¬®ªà â¨ç-ë, â¨âã«ë | àå ¨ç-ë.

•®áâ ¢¨¢ of ¨«¨ that ᧠¤¨, ¯®¤ã¬ ©â¥ ® the ᯥ।¨. ‚ᥣ¤ ¯¨è¨â¥ the same ..., the least ..., the rst ..., etc. ? + [C] + [S] | íâ® —•!

«î¡¨â 8; ’¥áâë ¤«ï ? : ¡áâà ªâ-®¥ ¯ãáâ®;

¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥â, ¢¢®¤¨â [U]/[C] + [P].

«î¡¨â (¨ «î¡¨¬) 9; ’¥áâë ¤«ï a/an: any, arbitrary, certain;

¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥â, ¢¢®¤¨â [C] + [S].

«î¡¨â 9! (¡¥§ ¢§ ¨¬-®áâ¨); ’¥áâë ¤«ï the: same, xed, speci c;

㪠§ë¢ ¥â, ®£à -¨ç¨¢ ¥â.

„àã£¨å ¯à ¢¨« -¥â.

‡ ãç¨â¥ íâ®â ¬¨-¨ªãàá!

52 Russian ! English in Writing. # 19

‚ ¯à¨-樯¥, ¢ à ¡®ç¥¬ á®áâ®ï-¨¨ | ¢ ¯à ¢¨«ì-® ¯®áâ஥--®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ | áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¥ 䨣ãà¨àã¥â ª ª the head of a noun phrase, â. ¥. ¢®§-¨ª ¥â ¢ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¨ á® á奬 ¬¨:

noun phrase := premodi cation + head + postmodi cation premodi cation := determiner + adjectives + (adjectivized) participles

+ nouns + adjectives postmodi cation := prepositional phrases + clauses.

‘в ¢п б«®¢® ¢ premodi cation, ‚л ¯® ¯®-пв¨о ¨б¯®«м§г¥в¥ ¥£® ва¨- ¡гв¨¢-® (¯® ®в-®и¥-¨о ª head). •®н⮬㠤«п ‚ б бгй¥бв¢¥-- ¯®- ¬¥вª attributive, ª®в®а®© ¢ е®а®и¨е б«®¢ апе б- ¡¦¥-л -¥ª®в®ал¥ б«®¢ . “ª § -¨¥ predicative ¨бª«оз ¥в -¥¯а¥¤¨ª в¨¢-®¥ (ъ¢-¥£« £®«м- -®¥ы) г¯®ва¥¡«¥-¨¥ ª¢ «¨д¨ж¨аг¥¬®£® б«®¢ ¨ ¢ з бв-®бв¨ ¥£® ¯®п¢«¥- -¨¥ ¢ premodi cation. ’ ª, ¯а¨« £ в¥«м-л¥ utter, mere, shear ¨б¯®«м- §гов в®«мª® ва¨¡гв¨¢-®, б«®¢ awake, sick | в®«мª® ¯а¥¤¨ª в¨¢-®, «¨им ¢ ¯®б⬮¤¨д¨ª ж¨¨ ¨б¯®«м§говбп manque ¨ galore.

•à¨¡«¨§¨â¥«ì-® £®¢®àï, predicative adjectives, - ¯®¬¨- ï £« £®«ë ¨ - à¥ç¨ï, 䨪á¨àãîâ á®áâ®ï-¨ï áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®£® (¢®§¬®¦-®, ¢à¥¬¥-- -ë¥); attributive adjectives å à ªâ¥à¨§ãîâ ᪮॥ ¥£® ®â¤¥«ì-ë¥ ®¡ëç-® -¥ ¨áª«îç¨â¥«ì-ë¥ ¯à¨§- ª¨. •¥ª®¬¥-¤ 樨 á«®¢ àï ®¡ âਡã⨢-®¬ ¨ ¯à¥¤¨ª ⨢-®¬ á«®¢®ã¯®âॡ«¥-¨¨ ¯à¨-¨¬ ©â¥ ª ª ®¡ï§ ⥫ì-®¥ âà¥- ¡®¢ -¨¥.

‘â®ï騥 ¯®á«¥ head of the noun phrase á«®¢ , ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ïî騥 ing-participles ¨«¨ ed-participles ¨ ¤ ¦¥ adjectives, ¯® ®¡é¥¬ã ¯à ¢¨«ã, ¬®¦-® à áᬠâਢ âì ª ª ¢ë஦¤¥--ë¥ á«ãç ¨ clauses, - 室ï騥- áï ¢ premodi cation | ª ª ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¥. • §ã¬¥¥âáï, ãç áâ¢ãî騥 ¢ á奬 å ¤«ï noun phrases í«¥¬¥-âë (ªà®¬¥, ¯®-ïâ-®, head) ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì ¯ãáâ묨.

Žâ¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® ¯®á«¥ ⮣®, ª ª ‚ë ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ «¨ -¥®¯à¥¤¥«•¥--®¥ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¥ ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ head ¨ ¯®á⬮¤¨ä¨æ¨à®¢ «¨ ¥£® ¯à¨ í⮬ ing-participle clause, ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãîé ï ing-ä®à¬ ¬®¦¥â ¤ «¥¥ ¯à¥¬®¤¨- ä¨æ¨à®¢ âì ¨á室-®¥ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¥, ¯®áâ ¢¨¢ ¢ -ã¦-®¬ ¬¥á⥠®¯à¥- ¤¥«•¥--ë© à⨪«ì. • ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢¯®«-¥ ª®à४â¥- á«¥¤ãî騩 ¢ ਠ-â:

There is a unique operator T solving the equation under study. The solving operator T is linear.

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® ¢ á«ãç ¥ ed-participles, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, à¥çì ¤®«¦- - ¨¤â¨ ® ¯ áᨢ-ëå (¡ëâì ¬®¦¥â, ᮪à é•¥--ëå) ä®à¬ å, ᪠¦¥¬: the

results obtained, the theorem stated, etc. ‚ á«ãç ïå ªâ¨¢-®£® § «®£ (Active Voice) á«¥¤ã¥â ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¯à¨¤ â®ç-ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï, - ¯à¨- ¬¥à, all identities which resulted from the above argument; the matrix that transformed the previous basis, etc. Ž¡ëç-® â ª¨¥ ä®à¬ë ¯à¨¥¬«¥¬ë, ¥á«¨ £« £®« -¥¯¥à¥å®¤-ë© (intransitive) ¨, §- ç¨â, ¢ ¯à¨-樯¥ -¥ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¢ Passive Voice.

•®«¥§-® §¤¥áì ¦¥ ®â¬¥â¨âì, çâ® ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¥ (¨ adjectivized ed-participles), ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, -¥ ¤®¯ã᪠îâ ¬®¤¨ä¨ª 樨 á ¯®¬®éìî by, å à ªâ¥à-®£® ¤«ï ¯ áᨢ . (• ¯à¨¬¥à, äà § \We are tired by him" | ᮫¥æ¨§¬.)

‘⮨⠨¬¥âì ¢ ¢¨¤ã, çâ® ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¬ à §à¥è¥-® 䨣ãà¨à®- ¢ âì ¢ ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨à®¢ --®© - à¥ç¨¥¬ ä®à¬¥, ª ª ¢ á«ãç ¥ a weakly sequentially compact set. …᫨ ed-participles ãç áâ¢ãîâ ¢ premodi cation, â® â ª¦¥ ¤®¯ã᪠îâáï ¨§¬¥-¥-¨ï - à¥ç¨ï¬¨ (¨å ¤ ¦¥ ¬®¦-® áç¨- â âì ¯à®¯ã᪮¬ ed-participle - ¬¥áâ® ¯¥à¥¤ noun): well-de ned, vaguelyseparated, etc. •¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ ¯®áâ ¢¨âì hyphen (¤¥ä¨á) | ¢ í⮬ á«ãç ¥ ®- ®¡ï§ ⥫¥- (®¡êïá-¥-¨¥ ¯à®áâ® | ‚ è¥ participle ä®à¬ «ì-® áâ «® ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¬). ‡¤¥áì ®âà ¦ ¥âáï ®¡é¥¥ ¯à ¢¨«®: hyphenated compounds (á®áâ ¢-ë¥ á«®¢ , ¯®«ãç¥--ë¥ à ááâ -®¢ª®© ¤¥ä¨á®¢) ¨á¯®«ì§ã- îâ ⮫쪮 ¢ premodi cation.

‚ ¦-® § ¯®¬-¨âì, çâ® ¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥ ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-®£® ¢¬¥á⥠á adjective complement (⨯ some nite in a neighborhood of the origin cover) | ¡á®«îâ-® § ¯à¥é¥-® ¤«ï premodi cation. ‚ àãá᪮¬ ï§ëª¥ â ª¨¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ § ª®--ë ¨ è¨à®ª® à á¯à®áâà -¥-ë, ¢ â® ¢à¥¬ï ª ª ¢ -- £«¨©áª®© £à ¬¬ ⨪¥ ¤¥©áâ¢ã¥â ¦•¥á⪮¥ ¯à ¢¨«®: \An adjectival phrase with complement cannot be preposed." ˆ£-®à¨à®¢ -¨¥ - §¢ --®© ®á®¡¥-- -®á⨠| ¨áâ®ç-¨ª £àã¡¥©è¨å ®è¨¡®ª. •®¬-¨â¥ ®¡ í⮬!

‘гй¥бв¢¨в¥«м-л¥, гз бв¢гой¨¥ ¢ premodi cation, в ª¦¥ ¯® ®¡й¥- ¬г ¯а ¢¨«г ¨б¯®«м§говбп ¢ з¨б⮬ ¢¨¤¥ | ¡¥§ б®¡бв¢¥--ле ¬®¤¨д¨- ª ж¨©. (Œ¥¦¤г ¯а®з¨¬, нв® ¯®¤а §г¬¥¢ ¥в, ª ª ¯а ¢¨«®, ¥¤¨-бв¢¥--®¥ з¨б«® бгй¥бв¢¨в¥«м-®£®, ¨£а ой¥£® а®«м adjective, ¨ д¨«мва е¢®бв®¢, бª ¦¥¬, ¡г¤¥в a tail lter, -¥ ъда з-л© д¨«мваы | a tails lter. “§гб, ®¤- ª®, -¥ ¨бª«оз ¥в ¢ла ¦¥-¨© в¨¯ systems theory, ª®в®ал¥ -г¦-® а бб¬ ва¨¢ вм ª ª set phrases.)

‘«¥¤ã¥â ¯®¬-¨âì, çâ® -¥®¡¤ã¬ --®¥ ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¥ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì- -ëå ¢ ஫¨ ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ëå (¨«¨, ª ª ¯à¨-ïâ® ¢ -£«¨©áª®© £à ¬¬ â¨- ª¥, noun adjectives) ¯à¨¢®¤¨â ª the \noun adjective mania", ç á⮠䨪- á¨à㥬®© á।¨ ®è¨¡®ª í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å ¯¥à¥¢®¤®¢. ‘ãé¥á⢥--®, çâ®

54 Russian ! English in Writing. # 19

ва¨¡гв¨¢-®¥ ¨б¯®«м§®¢ -¨¥ бгй¥бв¢¨в¥«м-®£® ¯® ®¡й¥© -®а¬¥ ¯®¤а - §г¬¥¢ ¥в б¥¬ -в¨з¥бªго б«¨в-®бвм ¢®§-¨ª ой¥© да §л (the limit cases, a neighborhood lter, an operator algebra, etc.). ’®з-¥¥ £®¢®ап, ¯а¨ ¯®б⬮¤¨д¨ª ж¨¨ б ¯®¬®ймо of ¨¤¥¨, § ª«оз•¥--л¥ ¢ а бб¬ ва¨¢ ¥¬®¬ бгй¥бв¢¨в¥«м-®¬ ¨ ва¨¡гв¥, ®бв овбп а §¤¥«•¥--л¬¨, ¢ в® ¢а¥¬п ª ª ª®-бвагªж¨п noun as an adjective ®бгй¥бв¢«п¥в ª®¬¡¨-¨а®¢ -¨¥ ¨¤¥©. •а¨ н⮬ з бв® ¯а¨бгвбв¢г¥в ®вв¥-®ª ¯®¤з¨-•¥--®бв¨ ва¨¡гв £®«®¢- -®¬г б«®¢г (the cases have limits, a lter consists of neighborhoods, an algebra contains operators, etc.). ‚ла ¦¥-¨п, ¨б¯®«м§гой¨¥ 's genitive, ®¡лз-® б¢п§ -л б ®¤ги¥¢«•¥--л¬ ¯¥а¢л¬ н«¥¬¥-⮬ (ª ª, - ¯а¨¬¥а, ¢ the author's approach). •а¨ н⮬ ¯®¤®¡-л¥ бвагªвгал ®§- з ов, зв® head б«г¦¨в ®¡к¥ªв®¬ ¤¥©бв¢¨п ¯а¥¤и¥бв¢гой¥£® б«®¢ (the author takes this approach). €- «®£¨з- п б¢п§м ¢ б«гз ¥ -¥®¤ги¥¢«•¥--ле ®¡к- ¥ªв®¢ ва¥¡г¥в of-genitive. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡а §®¬, б«¥¤г¥в ¯¨б вм the conformality of a mapping, the claim of the lemma ¨ ®в¢®¤¨вм ¢ а¨ -вл the mapping conformality, the lemma's claim, etc. (ба. ¯б¥¢¤®агббª¨¥ ¢ла - ¦¥-¨п ъдг-ªж¨- ª®-д®а¬-®бвмы, ъ«¥¬¬¨- д®а¬г«¨а®¢ª ы).

•¨ª®£¤ -¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥, çâ® \premodi cation confers relative permanence.... A notable constraint against making postmodifying phrases into premodifying nouns is the relative impermanence of the modi cation in question." (R. Quirk et al.)

‚ ¬ â ª¦¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ¨¬¥âì ¢ ¢¨¤ã ᯥæ¨ä¨ªã ¢®á¯à¨ïâ¨ï á«®¦-®© äà §ë ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥. •à®¨««îáâà¨à㥬 ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騩 ¯à¨-- 樯 ⨯¨ç-ë¬ ¯à¨¬¥à®¬. ’¥à¬¨-

a closable unbounded linear operator ¯®-¨¬ ¥âáï ¢ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¨ á® á奬®©

an operator ! a linear operator ! an unbounded linear operator ! a closable unbounded linear operator.

•®¤®¡-ë© ¯à¨•¥¬ ®âà ¦•¥- ¢ ¯à®¤ã¬ --®© - ãç-®© -®¬¥-ª« âãà¥: ¡®«ì- 訬 ç¨á«®¬ á«®¢ ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¬¥-ì訩 ª« áá ®¡ê¥ªâ®¢.

•à¨ ¯®áâ஥-¨¨ á«®¦-ëå noun phrases á⮨⠨¬¥âì ¢ ¢¨¤ã ¢®§- ¬®¦-®áâì ¨å à §àë¢ (discontinuous noun phrases). ‘ãâì í⮣® ¥-¨ï ¨««îáâà¨àãî⠯ਬ¥àë:

The fact is established that A2 equals zero.

An operator was considered such that its spectrum is real.

’ ª®¥ ¡ « -á¨à®¢ -¨¥ áâàãªâãàë ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï | 㤮¡-ë© á⨫¨áâ¨- ç¥áª¨© ¯à¨•¥¬. ‚®§ì¬¨â¥ ¥£® - ¢®®à㦥-¨¥.

•®¤¢®¤ï ¨â®£¨, § 䨪á¨à㥬 ¯à®á⥩襥 ¯à ¢¨«®:

ᯥ।¨ | permanently, habitually; ᧠¤¨ | temporarily, speci cally.

# 20. •à ¢¨«ì-® ¯®¤¡¨à ©â¥ Tenses

Š®à४â-®áâì ‚ 襣® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ ¢ ¨§¢¥áâ-®© ¬¥à¥ § ¢¨á¨â ®â ¢ë¡®-

௮¤å®¤ï饩 ä®à¬ë ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥¬ëå £« £®«®¢.

‚ª®-áâ â¨àãî饩 ç á⨠‚ë ¢¯®«-¥ ¬®¦¥â¥, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, ¨á¯®«ì- §®¢ âì the Simple Present Tense, ¯à¨ 㪠§ -¨¨ - ¨¬¥î騥áï १ã«ìâ - âë ¯à¥¤è¥á⢥--¨ª®¢ | the Simple Past Tense ¨, - ª®-¥æ, ¯à¨ 㪠§ -¨¨ - ¡ã¤ã饥 | the Simple Future Tense.

•®«¥¥ â®-ª¨¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨, á¢ï§ --ë¥ á progressive and perfective tenses, ‚ ¬ á«¥¤ã¥â, ¯® ¢®§¬®¦-®áâ¨, -¥ ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¨«¨, ¢® ¢á类¬ á«ãç ¥, ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì ®á®§- --®, ®á¢¥¦¨¢ ᢮¨ §- -¨ï -£«¨©áª®© £à ¬- ¬ ⨪¨.

„«ï -㦤 í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ ‚ ¬ ¯®«¥§-® § ãç¨âì á«¥¤ãî- 騩 ¬¨-¨ªãàá ¢ ¯à¨¬¥à å, ¨««îáâà¨àãî騩 -¥ª®â®àë¥ ®á®¡¥--®á⨠¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨ï ¢à¥¬•¥- £« £®«®¢.

Minicourse in Tenses

The Simple is welcome.

The Present is and tells us what is on.

The Past was and told us what was on.

The Present Perfect has been and still is.

The Past Perfect had gone in the Past.

Since any Past, some Future has been rooted.

The Future loves will.

#21. ‚ ¬ ¯à¨£®¤¨âáï áâàãªâãà- ï ª« áá¨- 䨪 æ¨ï £« £®«®¢

•à ¢¨«ì-®áâì ¯¥à¥¢®¤ ¢® ¬-®£®¬ ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ‚ 訬¨ - ¢ëª ¬¨ ¢ à ¡®â¥ á £« £®« ¬¨ (verbs), ª ç¨á«ã ª®â®àëå ¯à¨-ïâ® ®â-®á¨âì ª ª £« £®«ì-ë¥ ¨¤¨®¬ë (phrasal verbs), â ª ¨ ¯à¥¤«®¦-ë¥ £« £®«ë (prepositional verbs). Žâ¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® ¨-®£¤ phrasal verbs ¤¥«ïâ - ª« ááë verb + preposition; verb + adverb; verb + adverb + preposition. Žâ-®á¨â¥«ì-® phrasal verbs § ¯®¬-¨â¥:

\Phrasal verbs tend to be informal, and in formal writing it is advisable to replace some of them with single verbs where possible...." (Longman Guide to English Usage)

‚ áâàãªâãà-®© £à ¬¬ ⨪¥ -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª ¤¥©áâ¢ã¥â ª« áá¨ä¨ª - æ¨ï £« £®«®¢, ¢ª«îç îé ï á«¥¤ãî騥 ¯®-ïâ¨ï. Linking (¨«¨ intensive) verb | £« £®«, ¤¥©áâ¢ãî騩 ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ᪠§ã¥¬®£®, à áè¨àïî饣® ᢥ¤¥-¨ï ® ¯®¤«¥¦ 饬, â. ¥. â ª®© £« £®«, § ª®â®àë¬ ¢ à áᬠâਢ - ¥¬®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ á«¥¤ã¥â \subject complement" | ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥ ª ¯®¤- «¥¦ 饬ã. •®á«¥¤-¨© â¥à¬¨- ®§- ç ¥â í«¥¬¥-⠯।«®¦¥-¨ï, ¤®áâ - ¢«ïî騩 ¨-ä®à¬ æ¨î ® ¯®¤«¥¦ 饬.

”®à¬ «ì-®¥ ãâ®ç-¥-¨¥ ®¯à¥¤¥«¥-¨ï linking verbs (-¥®¡å®¤¨¬®¥ ¤«ï ¡®«ì襩 áâண®á⨠¨ ¨-®£¤ ®¯ã᪠¥¬®¥ «¨-£¢¨áâ ¬¨) á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, çâ®

() à áᬠâਢ ¥¬®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ᮤ¥à¦¨â ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥, ᪠§ã¥- ¬®¥ ¨ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥;

(¡) subject complement -¥ ï¥âáï ¯ãáâë¬.

•®-àãá᪨ â ª¨¥ £« £®«ë ¨¬¥-ãîâ á¢ï§ãî騬¨ ¨«¨ £« £®« ¬¨-á¢ï§ª - ¬¨ (« â¨-᪨© â¥à¬¨- | copula). Ž¡ëç-® ⨯ linking ®¡®§- ç îâ ᨬ- ¢®«®¬ [L] ¨«¨ ¯ãáâë¬ ¨¤¥-â¨ä¨ª â®à®¬. Linking verb -¥á•¥â ¨ äã-ªæ¨î ⨯ §- ª à ¢¥-á⢠, - ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢® äà §¥ \It was I who invented A."

•¥ ¨¬¥î騥 subject complement £« £®«ë - §ë¢ îâ íªáâ¥-ᨢ-ë- ¬¨. ˆå à §¤¥«ïîâ - ¤¢ ª« áá : ¯¥à¥å®¤-ë¥ | transitive (ᨬ¢®«¨- ç¥áª¨ [T]) ¨ -¥¯¥à¥å®¤-ë¥ | intransitive (ᨬ¢®«¨ç¥áª¨ [I]). ‡ -¥¯¥à¥- 室-ë¬ £« £®«®¬ ¯® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥-¨î -¥ ¤®«¦-® ¡ëâì object (= ®¡ê¥ªâ-®¥, ¯àאַ¥ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥), å®âï § -¨¬ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì adjunct (= ®¡áâ®ï⥫ì- á⢮ ¨«¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢥-- ï äà § ). •â® ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ ¥â, çâ® subject

complement ¤«ï - á -¥ ¢ëà ¦ ¥âáï á ¯®¬®éìî prepositional phrase (â - ª®© ¯®¤å®¤ ¯à¨-ïâ -¥ ¢á¥¬¨).

’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ᨬ¢®« [T], ¢áâà¥ç¥--ë© ã £« £®« , ®§- ç ¥â, çâ® (å®âï ¡ë ¢ ®¤-®¬ ¨§ ᢮¨å §- ç¥-¨©) ®- ¬®¦¥â á«ã¦¨âì ᪠§ã¥¬ë¬ ¯® ªà ©-¥© ¬¥à¥ ¢ ®¤-®¬ ¯à ¢¨«ì-® ¯®áâ஥--®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨, ᮤ¥à¦ - 饬 ¯àאַ¥ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥. •à¨ í⮬ ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ îâ, çâ® verb pattern | ¢¨¤, áâàãªâãà | £« £®«ì-®£® ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ï ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ï¥âáï ®¡à §ç¨ª®¬ ¤«ï ¯®¤áâ -®¢ª¨ ¯®¤å®¤ïé¨å ¯® á¬ëá«ã -®¢ëå ¯®¤«¥¦ é¨å ¨ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨©. ˆ-®£¤ âà -§¨â¨¢-ë¥ £« £®«ë ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ ª ª -¥âà -- §¨â¨¢-ë¥ | ¡¥§ ®¡ê¥ªâ®¢. ’ ª¨¥ ¨å ¯à¨¬¥-¥-¨ï ¯à¨-ïâ® - §ë¢ âì ¡á®«îâ-묨.

‚®â -¥áª®«ìª® ¯à¨¬¥à®¢ ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--®© -®¬¥-ª« âãàë.

[L] This estimate is correct.

[L] The set theoretic stance becomes an obsession. [I] We refer to the next book.

[I] He hesitates to vote.

[I] My stay in London/New York lasted for a fortnight/two weeks. [T] The present exposition involves false hopes.

ƒ« £®«ì-ë¥ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ï ®¡áâ®ï⥫ì-® ª« áá¨ä¨æ¨à®¢ -ë. ‚ ¬ ¯®«¥§-® §- âì å®âï ¡ë ç áâì í⮩ ª« áá¨ä¨ª 樨. • ¯à¨¬¥à, ᨬ¢®« [Tn] ®§- - ç ¥â âà -§¨â¨¢-ë© £« £®«, âॡãî騩 ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ¯àאַ£® ¤®¯®«-¥-¨ï ¨¬ï áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¥ ¨«¨ äà §ã, ¨£à îéãî ¥£® ஫ì, ¨«¨ ¬¥á⮨¬¥-¨¥ (noun, ¨«¨ noun phrase, ¨«¨ pronoun) | ª®à®âª® [n]. •à¨¢¥¤•¥--®¥ ¢ë- è¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ¤¥¬®-áâà¨àã¥â, çâ® involve -¥ ¯à®áâ® [T]-£« £®«, -® ¨ ¯à¨- ¤«¥¦¨â £à㯯¥ [Tn]. ‚®â ¤à㣨¥ ¢ ਠ-âë.

[Tf] We assume that A equals B.

[Tw] Now I demonstrate how to de ne a verb pattern. [Tw] Recall what you were told.

[Tt] I want to express my admiration.

[Tg] We thus nish experimenting with notation. [Tnt] Lemma 1 enables us to prove Theorem 2.

’ ¡«¨æ , ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥-- ï ¢ Appendix 4, ¯®§¢®«ï¥â ¯à®¢¥à¨âì ‚ è¨ - ¢ë- ª¨ ¢ ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¨ à á¯à®áâà -•¥--ëå ¢ - ãç-®© «¨â¥à âãॠ£« £®«®¢.

58 Russian ! English in Writing. # 21

•®¤з¥аª-•¥¬, зв® ®вбгвбв¢¨¥ б¨¬¢®« + ¢ б®®в¢¥вбв¢гой¥© ¯®- §¨ж¨¨ ¬ ва¨жл ®§- з ¥в -¥¤®¯гбв¨¬®бвм ¨б¯®«м§®¢ -¨п гª - § --®© ¢ ª®«®-ª¥ д®а¬л ¤«п £« £®« , бв®пй¥£® ¢ а бб¬ ва¨¢ ¥¬®© бва®ª¥. •®«¥¥ ¯®«-®¥ ¯®-¨¬ -¨¥ б¬лб« б¨¬¢®«®¢ [Tf], [Tw], [Tt], [Tg], [Tnt] ®¯¨а ¥вбп - ¤¢ £а ¬¬ в¨з¥бª¨е ¯®-пв¨п: nite clause ¨ non nite clause. ‚®в б®®в¢¥вбв¢гой¨¥ ¯®пб-¥-¨п •. Š¢•¥аª ¨ ¤а.

\The nite clause always contains a subject as well as a predicate, except in the case of commands and ellipsis.... In contrast, non nite clauses can be constructed without a subject and usually are."

„®¯®«-¨â¥«ì-®¥ ⮫ª®¢ -¨¥ á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, çâ® nite clause ᮤ¥à¦¨â - nite verb phrase (£« £®« ¢ ä®à¬¥ nite). •®¤à §ã¬¥¢ ¥âáï, çâ® nite verb ®¡« ¤ ¥â ¢á¥© ¢®§¬®¦-®© âਡã⨪®© -£«¨©áª®£® £« £®« | 㪠§ - -¨¥¬ - Tense, Aspect, Voice, Mood. ‚ë, ª®-¥ç-®, ¯®¬-¨â¥, çâ® Tense | íâ® Past, Present, Future; Aspect | De nite, Inde nite, Continuous (Progressive), Perfect; Voice | íâ® Passive ¨«¨ Active ¨, - ª®-¥æ, Mood | íâ® Indicative, Imperative, Conditional, Subjunctive.

”ã-ªæ¨®- «ì-®, a nite verb phrase á¢ï§ - á ¯à¥¤¨ª ⨢-ë¬ ú-®à- ¬ «ì-ë¬û ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¥¬ £« £®« | ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ᪠§ã¥¬®£® ¢ à冷¢®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨. Non nite forms (¨-®£¤ ¨å - §ë¢ îâ verbals) | íâ® ¨-- ä¨-¨â¨¢ë, ing-ä®à¬ë, participles. •¥ª®-¥ç-ë¥ ä®à¬ë £« £®« ¨á¯®«ì- §ãîâ ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ¯à¥¤¨ª ⮢ ⮫쪮 ¢ ¯®à浪¥ ¨áª«îç¥-¨ï (¢á¯®¬-¨â¥ ®¡ ¡á®«îâ-®© ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨).

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® ¢ nite clause £« £®« ¯® ¯®-ïâ¨î ¯®ï¢«ï- ¥âáï ¢ nite form, â. ¥. ¢ ⮬ ¢¨¤¥, ª ª®© âॡãîâ ®¡ëç-ë¥ ¯à ¢¨- « ᮣ« ᮢ -¨ï ¯®¤«¥¦ 饣® ¨ ᪠§ã¥¬®£®. •à¨ í⮬ that ¢ëáâ㯠¥â ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ á®î§ . ‚ á«ãç ¥ non nite clause - §¢ --ë¥ ®£à -¨ç¥-¨ï, à §ã¬¥¥âáï, -¥ ¤¥©áâ¢ãîâ.

”®à¬ë [Tt] (= [T]+[t] = [T] + to in nitive clause) ¨ [Tg] (= [T] + ing-form) ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ non nite clauses. Š ä®à¬¥ [Tt] ¯à¨¬ëª ¥â [It], â. ¥. [I]+[t].

[It] He agreed to save les.

‚ -£«¨©áª®© £à ¬¬ ⨪¥ clause ¢®á¯à¨-¨¬ ¥âáï §¤¥áì ª ª adjunct, -¥ object. ‚ ¯à ªâ¨ª¥ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ íâ® à §«¨ç¨¥ ®¡ëç-® -¥- áãé¥á⢥--®, ¯®í⮬ã -¨¦¥ ¤«ï ¯à®áâ®âë ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ - ¥¤¨-ë© á¨¬¢®« [Tt].

„®¯®«-¥-¨¥ £« £®« ¢ ä®à¬¥ [Tf] ¨¬¥-ãîâ that-clause ¨«¨, ¡®«¥¥ ¯®«-®, nite that-clause (§¤¥áì that | á®î§, -¥ relative pronoun). ‘¨¬- ¢®« ¢ ª®«®-ª¥ [Tf] ®§- ç ¥â ¤®¯ãá⨬®áâì ä®à¬ë Present Subjunctive ¢ à áᬠâਢ ¥¬®¬ that-clause.

•®¬-¨â¥, çâ® ¢ ä®à¬ «ì-ëå ⥪áâ å ( ‚ è ¯¥à¥¢®¤ ¤®«¦¥- ¡ëâì â ª®¢ë¬) á«®¢® that ¢ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¨ [Tf] -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ®¯ã᪠îâ.

•® ¯à ¢¤¥ £®¢®àï, ¯à®¡«¥¬ á®åà -¥-¨ï ¨«¨ ®¯ã᪠-¨ï that, á®î§ ¢ [Tf], ¨/¨«¨ â ¦¥ ¯à®¡«¥¬ ¤«ï that ¢ äã-ªæ¨¨ ¬¥á⮨¬¥-¨ï -¥ áâ®«ì ¯à®áâë ¤«ï à¥è¥-¨ï. ‘à ¢-¨â¥ á«¥¤ãî騥 㪠§ -¨ï:

\...this omission (of that) is generally avoided in literary writings." (E. Partridge)

\...this omission of the relative pronoun, so far from being a fault, is a genuine English idiom of long standing." (O. Jespersen)

ˆ§¢¥áâ-ë¥ â®-ª®á⨠á¢ï§ -ë á ä®à¬®© [Tw] (= [T] + wh-clause). ‚ -¥© ¯àï¬ë¬ £« £®«ì-ë¬ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬ ¬®¦¥â á«ã¦¨âì ª ª nite clause, â ª ¨ nonnite clause. „®¯®«-¥-¨¥ ¤«ï verb pattern [Tw] ¤®«¦-® - ç¨- âìáï wh-í«¥¬¥-⮬ (= wh-á«®¢®¬), ¢ë¡¨à ¥¬ë¬ ¨§ ᯨ᪠:

which, whose, who, whom, what; which + noun, what + noun, etc.; why, when, where, how; whether, if, as if, as though.

(ƒà㯯¨à®¢ª wh-á«®¢ ¯® áâப ¬ ¯à®¢¥¤¥- ¯® á«¥¤ãîé¥¬ã ¯à ¢¨«ã. ‚ ¯¥à¢®© áâ®ïâ pronouns, ¢® ¢â®à®© ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ - ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï a determiner + noun, ¢ âà¥â쥩 áâப¥ à ᯮ«®¦¥-ë adverbs, ¢ ç¥â¢•¥à⮩ | conjunctions.) ‡ ¯®¬-¨â¥, çâ® á® á«®¢ whether ¨ if ¢ ä®à¬¥ [Tw] - ç¨- - îâáï ⮫쪮 nite clauses. ‚ ä®à¬ «ì-ëå ⥪áâ å ¯à¨ ¢®§¬®¦-®á⨠¢ë¡®à ¬¥¦¤ã if ¨ whether §¤¥áì (ª ª ¨ ¢ ¤à㣨å á«ãç ïå) á«¥¤ã¥â ¯à¥¤- ¯®ç¥áâì whether. ‘®î§ë as if, as though ®¡ëç-® âॡãîâ subjunctive.

‘ nite that-clause ¨ wh-interrogative clause á¢ï§ - ¢ ¦- ï ®á®¡¥-- -®áâì. ’ ª¨¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ¯® ®¡é¥¬ã ¯à ¢¨«ã -¥ ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì object complement, ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬ ª ®¡ê¥ªâã (®¡ ¨áª«îç¥-¨ïå ⨯ factive nouns á¬. # 30). ’ ª, àãá᪠ï äà §

ú„ ¢ ©â¥ ¨§ã稬 ®¯¥à â®à A, ª®â®àë© ¬ë ¢¢¥«¨ ¢ £« ¢¥ 3û. ¯®- -£«¨©áª¨ ¤®«¦- ¡ëâì ¯¥à¥¢¥¤¥- ª ª

\Let us study the operator A that was introduced in Chapter 3."