5. The Jury service

The use of the jury in English Law stretches far into history. To qualify for the jury service it is necessary to be a registered elector between the ages of 18 and 65. All those people connected with the law, the clergy and the mentally ill are ineligible to jury service. Work of the jury mandatory. The call to jury service is regarded as an obligation. A jury is composed of 12 persons. Names of jurys have been selected at random. Its verdict must be unanimous. The function of the jury is to determine the facts. The case is retried before another jury.

6. The system of Government of gb.

     In theory, the constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which "executes" laws, i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.

            Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with a majoity in the House of Commons.

            The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments or ministries. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed.

            The House of Lords consisits of the Lords Temporal and Lords Spiritual. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, together with twenty-four senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary  peers who have inherited their titles; life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation; and the Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of  Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appear cases.

7. The system of Government of us.

The United States is a federal union of 50 states, with the District of Columbia as the seat of the national government. The Constitutionoutlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers and activities. Other governmental activities are the responsibility of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws. Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.

The President names the heads of federal departments while judges are either elected directly by the people or appointed by elected officials.

The Constitution divides the powers of the government into three branches — the executive, headed by the President; the legislative, which includes both houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives); and the judicial, which is headed by the Supreme Court. The Constitution limits the role of each branch to prevent any one branch from gaming undue power.

The whole system of American government is based on the principles established in the Constitution and Bill of Rights.

The state governments follow much the same pattern as the federal government. Each has a governor as the chief executive, with power divided among the executive, legislative and judicial branches. State governments manage such affairs as maintaining order, educating children and young adults and building highways. The federal government deals with national problems and international relations and with regional problems that involve more than one state.

The President of the United States is chosen in a national election for a four-year term and may be re-elected for a second term. He must be a native-born citizen, at least 35 years old. His salary is $200,000 a year, and he also gets an extra $50,000 for expenses; but he must pay income tax on the whole amount. He receives up to $100,000 tax-free for travel and $20,000 for official entertainment, and is provided a home and extensive office space at the White House.

As head of the executive branch, the President must carry out the government programs enacted into law by Congress. He recommends programs and laws to Congress and requests money for federal government operations. The President appoints federal judges, ambassadors and hundreds of government officials, and assigns duties to the elected Vice President. If a President dies, resigns or becomes permanently disabled, the Vice President assumes the office until the next election.