20. What are the main features of totalitarian political system?

Totalitarian ruled by one person or 2. official ideology; 3. monopoly of state over society. Monopoly of forel centralized economy no civil society control over citizens.

21. What are the main elements of socialism?

Elements of Socialism

• Community: The core of socialism is the vision of human beings as social creatures linked by the existence of a common humanity. Socialists are inclined to emphasize nurture over nature, and to explain individual behaviour mainly in terms of social factors rather than innate qualities.

• Fraternity: As human beings share a common humanity, they are bound together by a sense of comradeship or fraternity. This encourages socialists to prefer cooperation to competition, and to favour collectivism over individualism.

• Social equality: Equality is the central value of socialism. Socialism is sometimes portrayed as a form of egalitarianism, the belief in the primacy of equality over other values. In particular, socialists emphasize the importance of social equality, an equality of outcome as opposed to equality of opportunity.

• Need: Sympathy for equality also reflects the socialist belief that material benefits should be distributed on the basis of need, rather than simply on the basis of merit or work. Clearly, however, distribution according to need requires people to be motivated by moral incentives, rather than just material ones.

• Social class: Socialism has often been associated with a form of class politics. First, socialists have tended to analyses society in terms of the distribution of income or wealth, and they have thus seen class as a significant social cleavage. Second, socialism has traditionally been associated with the interests of an oppressed and exploited working class, and it has traditionally regarded the working class as an agent of social change, even social revolution.

• Common ownership: The socialist case for common ownership is that it is a means of harnessing material resources to the common good, with private property being seen to promote selfishness, acquisitiveness and social division.

22. How do you understand pluralism?

Pluralism is a belief in, or a commitment to, diversity or multiplicity (the existence of many things). As a descriptive term, pluralism may be used to denote the existence of party competition (political pluralism), a multiplicity of moral values (ethical pluralism), or a variety of cultural norms (cultural pluralism). As a normative term, it suggests that diversity is healthy and desirable, usually because it safeguards individual liberty and promotes debate, argument and understanding. More narrowly, pluralism is a theory of the distribution of political power. It holds that power is widely and evenly dispersed in society.

23. What is the difference between state and nation?

The state is a political association that establishes sovereign jurisdiction within defined territorial borders, and exercises authority through a set of permanent institutions. These institutions are those that are recognizably ‘public’, in that they are responsible for the collective organization of communal life, and are funded at the public’s expense. The state thus embraces the various institutions of government, but it also extends to the courts,nationalized industries,social security system,and so forth; it can beidentified with the entire‘body politic’.

Nation (from the Latin nasci, meaning ‘to be born’) are complex phenomena that are shaped by a collection of factors. Culturally, a nation is a group of people bound together by a common language, religion, history and traditions, although nations exhibit various levels of cultural heterogeneity. Politically,a nation is a group of people who regard themselves as a natural political community, classically expressed through the quest for sovereign statehood.Psychologically, a nation is a group of people distinguished by a shared loyalty or affection in the form of patriotism