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Are skyscrapers really symbols of progress? Does a nation really become “modern” if it builds skyscrapers?

Nowadays it has become very difficult to live in big cities. It seems as if not even the Americans like living in skyscrapers. Not only are they expensive to build, they also ruin the landscape. It’s much better to live in small houses in a green countryside.

However, there are countries like Japan that need to build skyscrapers because of lack of space and dense population.

In fact, according to statistics half the world’s population will live in cities by the 21^st century. More than 300 million people will live in 21 metropolises.

The biggest city with the maximum number of inhabitants will be Tokyo with the population of 28 million.

Tokyo, the city of the future. A very tall skyscraper in the form of a pyramid has been planned in Tokyo which is more than 2 kms high. It’ll be called Try 2004. Its base will be 8 square kilometrs and its flats and offices will accommodate 1 million people.

Another skyscraper called Seed 4000, will be 4 kms tall and will be designed like Mount Fuji the most famous mountain in Japan. Once again, Japan is building Millenium Tower, a skyscraper of “only” 800 metres According to the architects working on the project, the tower will look like the Champs-Elysees in Paris, vertically of course.

Notes on the text

skyscraper – хмарочос lack – нестача space – простір dense – густий metropolis – столиця inhabitant – мешканець try – спроба to inaugurate – відкривати bracket – дужка

expensive – дорогий landscape – краєвид countryside – сільська місцевість to accommodate – вміщати seed – насіння millenium – тисячоліття Champs-Elysees – Єлісейські поля height – висота under construction – в процесі будівництва

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How sounds are produced

Sounds are produced by the vibrations of matter. If sound vibrations are regular, they are pleasant to the ear and are known as musical sounds.

One can make matter vibrate in different ways. You can strike wires with hammer. You can set air in vibration with your lips, you can even make gases vibrate. When you wave your hands back and forth they are vibrating in a way. However no sound is heard because the vibrations are not fast enough.

A dog can respond to sounds that you cannot hear because its ears are sensitive to higher rates of vibration than you can receive.

A vibrating object makes the air around it vibrate. When a body vibrates, it sets up a wave motion in the surrounding air. The waves are carried in all directions from the vibrating body. They move as water waves move away from the spot where you have thrown a stone into the water. The difference between these two types of waves is that sound waves travel in all directions, while water waves travel only on surface of the water.

The loudness of a sound depends on the amount of matter that vibrates. The waves are higher in water if you drop a large stone because more water is suddenly pushed aside. In the same way, the more air an object causes to vibrate, the louder will be the sound. Loudness is due to amplitude; the amplitude is the height of the wave from the center to the top or bottom part of the wave. As the height of the wave becomes less as it moves away, so the loudness of sound decreases as you move away from the source. When sounds are made louder, as in a radio amplifier, the wave amplitude is increased. This is done by using a greater amount of energy to produce the sound vibrations.

The number of times an object vibrates per second is its frequency of vibration. The frequency of vibration determines the pitch of a sound. By pitch we mean how high or low the sound is. If you strike a tuning fork against your hand or knee, its prongs will vibrate 256 times a second. No matter how hard you hit the fork, it will still vibrate 256 times a second. The pitch of the tone will stay the same. What did you change when you hit the fork harder? How might you change the pitch of the tuning fork?

A wave length is the distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next succeeding wave. When you strike a tuning fork, the rate of vibration (frequency) and the wave length are constant. The amplitude of loudness of the sound depends on the force of the blow.

Sound waves are usually carried to our ears by the air. Have you heard the shot of a gun fired at quite a distance from you? How did the sound waves get from the gun to your ears? You probably have noticed that when you strike two stones against each other under water, you can hear the sounds produced under water.

Gases, liquids, and solids carry sound waves. Sound travels air at a speed of approximately 1,100 feet per second. When you see a flash of lightning a mile away, the speed of light is such that the flash reaches your eye almost instantly. The sound of the resulting thunder reaches your ear later. By using an accurate stop watch, you can measure the interval between flash and thunder.