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6

Unit 1

Grammar:

1.Word Order in the Simple Sentence. Types of Questions.

2.The Noun: the Category of Number.

3.The Use of Articles.

4.Present, Past, Future Simple (Active Voice).

READING EXERCISES

1. Practise reading the following words. Mind the pronunciation of the vowels in stressedposition:

man, thanks, than, gas, inhabit, expanses, began, attach, actual; change, made, shale, take, creator, labour, later, became, nature, automation, inflation; art, large, start, harness, remarkable;

cloth, stop, beyond, belong, complex, profit; role, mode, ago, over, control, social; worth, work, world; more;

but, under, usher, judge, construct, production, mul­titude; use, fusion, produce, nuclear, computer; turn;

sense, engine, mental, benefit, century, development; even, these; service, interpret, observe, material;

spin, bring, fission, limit, system, physical, recognition; time, wide, type, crisis; first; fire.

2. Practise reading the following words:

wheel steam spread learn

speed peat weapon earth

between weave treasure year

automation road achieve

autumn goal believe

because coal relieve

3. Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words:

people [’pi:pl], build [bIld], machine [mq’∫i:n], desert I’dezqt], eyes [aIz], touch [tΛt∫], great [greIt], era [’i qrq], full [full], give [gIv], consequence [’kOnsIkw qns], broad [brO:d], wonderful [‘wΛndqf(u)l], hydropower [haidrI’pau q].guide [gaId], relieve [ri’li:v], horizon [hq’raIzn].

4. Learn the pronunciation of the -(e)s suffix in the following types of words:

obliterates belongs gives uses

stops determines brings passes

works becomes goes freezes

5. Practise reading the words with the -ed suffix:

passed learned proved created irrigated

attached changed ushered inhabited invented

worked turned freed constructed interpreted

6.Practise reading the word combinations:

in the course of; man gradually learned; constructed roads, plants and irrigated deserts; the steam engine; were put into service; in the mode of production; made his work easier; time for creative work; he had to start them; correct errors; an entirely new era; of all production operations; can relieve; opens up broad horizons; the innumerable spiritual treasures.

TEXT 1 A

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

In the course of his historic development man gradually learned to use the forces of nature and created our civiliza­tion. He managed to change the earth beyond recognition: inhabited vast expanses of wilderness, constructed roads, plants and irrigated deserts. Man is also the creator of the innumerable spiritual treasures of mankind: the wonderful works of art, literature and science. All this became possible thanks to man’s labour, his ability to learn, to understand and explain different phenomena of the material world.

In this progressive advance of man a particularly sig­nificant role belongs to energy.

First man learned to use the energy of fire. Many thou­sand years passed before man learned to use the energy of wind, water and steam, and later — electricity. For produ­cing electricity man discovered and began to use different energy resources: coal, oil, gas, peat, shale, hydropower and nuclear energy.

Not so long ago man invented and put into service the steam engine and steam locomotives. Then he attached the steam engine to looms and to various wheels and so work began to speed up.

The steam engine worked a revolution in the mode of pro­duction. The discovery and use of electricity brought about the industrial revolution. A multitude of machines — mechanical, steam and electrical — began to do man’s difficult and complex work. But man’s brain still controlled the machines doing the work. He started them, guided them and stopped them. He judged their work and corrected errors. His eyes, ears and sense of touch did the observing, and his brain interpreted their information. Then people invented machines and electronic computers which freed the worker not only of the performance of all produc­tion operations but even of control.

The machine made a great contribution to the spread of information and the advance of learning. The machine sys­tem made it possible to include science in production on a large scale. But it was a long and a hard way. It took the steam engine more than a century to develop its tremendous capacity to the full. The industrial revo­lution, brought about by the discovery and use of electrici­ty, took some 50—60 years to run its course.

The second half of the 20th century begins an entirely new era — the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It is due to complex mechanization and full automation.

The discovery of the chain reaction of nuclear fission and the reaction of thermonuclear fusion promises mankind a practically unlimited source of energy. Now scientists began to study and use outer space for Man’s benefit.

All this is possible thanks to a wide introduction of scien­tific discoveries in production.

We live in the epoch when science becomes direct pro­ductive force of society. All-round automation determines the social consequences of the scientific-technological prog­ress. Automation will take over man’s manual work and electronic computers will relieve him of much of his mental work, leaving him time for creativity. It obliterates the dis­tinctions between physical and mental labour.

NOTES

1. In the course of — у ході, у процесі; протягом

2. beyond recognition — до невпізнання

3. thanks to (due to, owing to) — завдяки, внаслідок, в результаті

4. to put into service — поставити на службу

5. tojudgesmth.— давати оцінку, судити

6. (steam engine) worked a revolution — (паровий двигун) зробив революцію

7. mode of production — cnociб виробництва

8. to bring about — викликати, бути причиною

9. sense of touch (of hearing, of sight, of smell, of taste) — чуття (дотику, слуху, зору, нюху, смаку)

10. to make (a great) contribution — зробити (великий) внесок

11. spread of information (of knowledge, of science) — поширення інформації (знань, науки)

12. advance of learning — розвиток освіти

13. to usher in a new era — сповіщати (відкривати) нову еру

14. chain reaction — ланцюгова реакція

15. nuclear fission — поділ ядра; розщеплення (атомного ядра)

16. thermonuclear fusion — термоядерна реакція

17. to take over — брати на себе, заміняти

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