Книга / 06 Revision I

Revision I

I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the tense of the predicates.

1. The weight of the atom is almost entirely concentrated at its centre, in the nucleus. 2. Electrons can be evaporated off metals, like steam from water. 3. Recently scientists and engineers have found an increasing number of ways in which electronic conduction can be guided and controlled for useful purposes. 4. Interplanetary travel is becoming a reality in our epoch. 5. If a piece of material is struck by rays of light, electrons will leave the material. 6. There have been many theories to explain the nature of heat. The ancients had an idea that heat which they called ‘caloric’ was a fluid which could be added to or taken from a body. 7. The future of astronautics will be a logical continuation of what has already been found. 9. Nearly all properties of matter are affected in some degree by temperature changes. 10. Automation is being introduced in building work. 11. The new block of flats was being built at the time of our holidays.

II. Translate the sentences with Present, Past, Future Continuous.

1. Electronics is becoming increasingly important in all branches of production. 2. Scientists are successfully solving important problems of mathematics, chemistry, electronics, medicine and biology. 3. More and more is being learnt about outer space and the conditions for life there. 4. During the flight the astronaut will be observing the earth and the sky. 5. During the work on his discovery the scientist observed that a small electrical current was flowing. He rightly concluded that some electrons were moving through the vacuum. 6. Numerous new instruments are being used in many branches of science and technology. 7. Within several years nuclear power plants will be generating a great amount of electrical power.

III. Give the interrogative and negative forms of the sentences.

1. There are some interesting articles in the magazine. 2. There are some books on chemistry in this bookcase. 3. There is something on this subject in the library. 4. There were some foreign delegations in our institute. 5. There will be many interesting reports at the conference. 6. There was a scientific conference not long ago. 7. There are some radioactive elements in the laboratory. 8. They have books in different fields of science in their library. 9. We must provide all the necessary materials for the experiment. 10. They will be able to begin their research in some days. 11. This post-graduate can submit his thesis next month. 12. There is somebody the laboratory. 13. This post-graduate has some books on the structure of matter. 14. We can see large molecules in an electron microscope. 15. Chemist discovered some important elements not long ago.

IV. State the tense and the voice of the predicates, translate the sentences.

1. 1. The fission process was followed by the fusion one which releases even greater power. 2. The results of this scientist’s work have often been referred to in special literature since his last experiment. 3. For centuries coal, oil, and water had been looked upon as the main sources of power before the new and more powerful source was discovered. 4. The further secret of the smallest known particle, the neutrino, will be dealt with at many research laboratories. 5. The new methods of investigating this mysterious particle can be relied upon.

V. Translate the following sentences with the predicates in the Passive

Voice:

1. New alloys which will stand higher temperatures are being developed. 2. When matter and anti-matter meet, tremendous energy is released. 3. Telemetry instantly notifies the control station if anything is wrong so that corrective measures can be taken. 4. In 1929 a system of colour television using special photoelectric cells and colour filters was described. 5. In the article after consideration every technique for generating electrical power is being investigated. 6. A new liquid zinc anti-corrosive composition for use on iron and steel and other metal surfaces has been developed. 7. Insulating materials should be non-corrosive to metals when wet or dry, and should be unaffected by moisture. 8. Experience indicates that direct energy converters were dealt with in some detail in the article. 10. The new fully automated plant was much spoken about. 11. The rapidly growing application of automatic control in industry is often referred to.

VI. Translate the sentences and explain the use of the tenses:

1. When we finish our experiment, we’ll be able to make a report about it. 2. As soon as you determine the structure of this substance, you’ll have to study the properties of the elements of which it consist. 3. If we divide a lump of salt into smaller lumps and then subdivide them into still smaller lumps, we’ll get a single grain of salt in the end.

VII. Put the sentences in Past, Present and Future Simple:

1. We solve important problems in the field of physics. 2. He writes articles on the development of science and technology.

VIII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the verb “to be”:

1. When a structure or a machine is to be built, suitable materials are to be chosen for the parts. 2. Every element is made up of minute particles, which are called atoms. 3. Burning is simply the combination of a substance with oxygen in the air. 4. One of the great problems of the mechanical engineer is to eliminate friction in a machine. 5. It is the cyclotron that can be used to produce very high speed positively charged particles of enormous energy. 6. A study of the motion of the object is necessary if we are to understand them and to learn to control them. 7. Many important observations are being made by our cosmonauts. 8. Every large industry has research laboratories where there are many opportunities to observe the experiments which are being performed. 9. A great number of new blocks of flats were built in our city. 10. Automation is finding wider application in all branches of industry.

IX. . Translate the sentences paying attention to the verb “to have”:

1. It has been proved by many experiments that when energy is changed from one form to another the whole amount of energy remains unchanged. 2. The cyclotron has been of great help to the development of human knowledge in the field of nuclear physics. 3. In the cyclotron particles of energy up to a billion electron volts and more have been achieved. 4. Beta particles have a smaller mass than alpha particles. 5. Engineers had carried out experimental work long before they proceeded with the design. 6. After you have performed one or more experiments, you will have an understanding of the theoretical discussions in the book.

X. Use the verb in brackets in Past Simple, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect; translate the sentences:

1. Since 1897 much (to be learned) about the structure of atom. 2. After Becquerel (to make) a great number of experiments, he discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. 3. In 1898 the Curies (to discover) a new substance which they (to receive) during their experiments. They found that it (to be) much more active. 4. By the end of 1898 the Curies (to obtain) the element radium. They announced that they (to discover) it in December 1898. 5. In 1969 people (to mark) the 100 anniversary of the discovery by Mendeleyev of the periodic law of chemical elements. 6. After we (to construct) a number of new power stations, our country will get cheap electric power. 7. In 1761 M. V. Lomonosov, with the aid of a telescope, (to discover) a luminous rim around Venus. He explained that this phenomenon (to be caused) by the existence of an atmosphere around Venus. 8. Observations showed that the luminous rim (to be) really the planet’s atmosphere lit up by the sun. It (to be observed) in 1882, and will not be seen again until 2004. 9. Man (to achieve) great successes in the field of studying the structure of the atoms. 10. Scientists (to discover) a number of new elementary particles.

XI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the function of the participles.

1. When exerted the force acts on the body. When exerting the force the agent does mechanical work. 2. The force is exerted by an agent to act on the body. The agent is exerting the force to act on the body. 3. The force exerted by an agent acts on the body. The agent exerting the force does mechanical work.

XII. State the forms and functions of the Participles in the sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. The amount of work done in unit time is the measure of the power. 2. Work is done when a force is acting over a distance. 3. When used plastic sections will radically change the usual method of building houses. 4. Roentgen noticed that when the discharge was passed through the tube some crystals lying upon the table some distance away became brilliantly illuminated. 5. While making experiments one should write down everything he observes during the work. 6. When applied to production processes automation will enable workers to operate several machine-tools simultaneously. 7. The engineers measure the work done by the force acting and the distance moved in the direction of the force. 8. The results achieved helped to solve the problem.

XIII. State the function of the Participles and translate the sentences.

1. Power is the ratio of an amount of work performed divided by the time taken by the performance. 2. A given volume of space is able to hold any number of different gases at the same time. 3. It is known that the atom in the main consists of three particles: the proton and the neutron forming the nucleus with a positive charge and the electrons having a negative charge. The anti-electron, called positron, was discovered in 1932. 4. The stars cannot be seen in the daytime because of the brightness of the sun. 5. The attraction between molecules of a liquid is much less than it is in solids, permitting them to move far away from one another. 6. It is possible to mention thousands of physical and chemical changes taking place in nature.

XIV. State the function of the Participles and translate the sentences.

1. A substance resisting all ordinary or chemical efforts to decompose it into simpler substances is an element. 2. Being a good conductor, copper is often used in industry. 3. Having the high melting point tungsten is widely used for the production of electric lamps. 4. The changes affecting the composition of materials are chemical changes. 5. Adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 6. A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more atoms. 7. Heating a substance we cause a more rapid motion of its molecules.

XV. Translate the following sentences with attributes in postposition.

1. With modern high-speed computers it is possible to trace a rocket by radar, feed the data of its actual course into a computer which compares it with the planned course, defines the deviations and words out the correction necessary. 2. It was shown that mechanical energy could be converted into heat and that the amount of heat developed was always exactly proportional to the amount of work done. 3. The computer circuit proper operates satisfactorily at frequencies up to approximately 35 kc. 4. Much of the work needed is done by one of our laboratories using the computer described and the automatic high-speed device shown. 5. The synthetic material under examination is both better and cheaper than the material it is to replace. 6. The design given below is described in some detail since much of it is immediately applicable to magnetic amplifiers proper. 7. The recorder wrote the voltage of the microphone under test with a 50 decibels potentiometer. 8. The principle study, if widely adopted, could greatly prolong the life of the world’s oil reserves. 9. Conventional engines pump too much fuel into the cylinder for the amount of oxygen present. 10. A problem under attack is the development of new materials, which will better resist the loading conditions. 11. The system under investigation right now is a very complicated one. 12. Computers sort the data received. 13. All the data available are fed into the computer in order to be processed.

XVI. Find predicates in the following sentences and translate the sentences.

1. A computer processes the information supplied. 2. Designers word the specifications so that they may be understood by everybody. 3. Thermo-electronic emission forms the basis for the operation of all electronic tubes. 4. Two metals alloy, if they melt together to form a homogeneous liquid. 5. The building of the factory houses a new computer.

XVII. Translate the following emphatic sentences.

1. It is the force of attraction, which holds the forms together, just as the attraction between the Sun and its planets prevents the latter from wandering off in an independent way among the stars. 2. It is by diminishing the amount of unoccupied space in air that gas volumes are reduced in pressure. 3. It is the resistance of the semiconductor diodes that varies in accordance with the voltage you apply to them. 5. Of course it is true that sources of commercial power do exert forces, yet those forces would be useless if their exertion did not result in motion. 6. Ice does change back to liquid water when it is warmed. 7. In chemical solutions, for example, copper sulfate in water, the salt molecules do break up into two parts.

XVIII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of “there”.

1. I work at the library, as there are many kinds of books and dictionaries there. 2. There are many scientific workers at our institute. They work there many years. 3. There was a scientific conference at our institute. Many students were present there. 4. There will be many interesting reports at the conference. We shall go there.

XIX. Fill in much, many, little, few, explain their usage, and translate the sentences.

1. … scientists study the structure of matter. 2. We haven’t … time for the experiments; we shall be able to make very … of them. 3. There were … theories on the nature of heat. 4. There is … water in this cup.

XX. Define what conjunctions could be inserted in the following joined clauses:

1. The Curies found polonium was many times more active that uranium. 2. In 1898 they announced they had discovered the element radium. 3. They claimed radium radiations were a hundred thousand times more active than pitchblend from which it was obtained. 4. It is established there are three varieties of radiations from radioactive atoms. 5. The discovery of the radiations radioactive substances emit was of the greatest importance for research work in the field of the structure of the atom. 6. The application the radioactive isotopes are finding in different fields of life is of growing importance. 7. The properties of a composite matter are always quite different from those of the elements it consists of. 8. We can now calculate how many atoms there are in 1 gramme of any element we choose by making use of our knowledge of the relations between the atomic weights of the elements.

XXI. Analyze and translate the following sentences:

A. 1. The first problem we considered was, how high a temperature can be reached through chemical reactions? 2. We are only beginning to learn the uses we can make of ultrasonics. 3. One of the principal disadvantages the fire services operate under is the delay frequently occurring between the start of fire and the warning being given. 4. Automatic control a lot of manufacturing processes are dependent upon is being widely used in industry. 5. The conditions of speed, temperature and pressure man’s machines are operating under at present make automatic control imperative.

B. 1. A direct energy converter powers a radio transmitter that automatically sends out temperature readings every six hours. 2. They man teams for research work in the Far North. 3. The problem of increased use of computers in automatic control faces engineers and scientists. . 4. Operators fuel reactors with uranium, plutonium and thorium. 5. In describing these devices we highlight only one rather narrow application of automatic control. 6. At our laboratory specialists range from electronics, mechanics, chemistry, mathematics, computer service and programming to vacuum tube experts.

XXII. Translate the sentences and define the conjunctions that could be inserted in the following clauses.

1. Heat is the energy a body possesses owing to the fact that its molecules are in motion. 2. Substances that transform the energy they absorb into light without becoming heated are called luminofores, and the light they radiate – luminescence. 3. The action of the force pressure depends not only on its value, but also on the area of the surface it acts upon. 4. The greater part of radio – waves would be of no practical use for communication were they not bent back to the ground due to the existence of ionosphere. 5. The mineral the scientist was working with for a number of years was uranium and its compounds. 6. All the data the magazine referred to are based on the experiments carried out in our laboratory. 7. Should the temperature of the conductor increase, the resistance would be proportionally greater. 8. The smaller is the diameter of the wire, the greater is its resistance. 9. The synthetic materials the house is made of have undergone all kinds of tests. 10. The particles all the different atoms consist of are neutrons, protons and electrons.

XXIII. Translate paying attention to the meaning of the word “any” and its derivatives:

1. How hot the atmosphere becomes over any particular region depends on a number of factors. 2. Heat-to-electricity energy converters behave like any heat machine in that the higher the temperature difference within which the converter is operating, the higher will be its conversion efficiency. 3. Much of the electrical power generated never does any useful work today. 4. Telemetry can instantly notify if anything goes wrong in spite of the operation taking place many miles from the central station. 5. To anyone unfamiliar with electrons chemistry, it may seem rather strange that high-energy electrons can produce such profound changes within a substance. 6. If we want a rocket to travel any great distance, we have to use a large amount of fuel. 7. The scientist did not make use of any chemical assistance when producing the new polymer. 8. Does anything have to take place when a powerful electron force meets a weak one? 9. Of great concern to anyone using any nuclear device is the effect of radiation on the human body.

XXIV. Insert some, any, no or their derivatives and translate the sentences.

1. There are … important works in the field of chemistry in our library. 2. Have you … books on your specialty? 3. Is there … in the laboratory now? 4. Did you write … about your experimental work? 5. For many centuries man did not know … about the structure of matter. 6. Tsiolkovsky wrote … works which are referred to by many scientists. 7. We will not go … tomorrow because we must prepare for the examinations.

XXV. Translate the sentences and explain the use of some, any, no.

1. Some of the materials found in the crust of the earth are very important. 2. Some substances may exist as crystals of different forms depending upon the conditions under which they are produced. 3. No part of the earth is more necessary to life than our atmosphere. 4. Without an atmosphere there will be no clouds, no rains, no running water and no wind. 5. No two substances expand alike. 6. Forces acting on a body are in balance when they produce no change in the motion of the body. 7. Three forces cannot be in balance if the sum of any two is less than the third or if the difference between any two is greater than the third. 8. Not long ago iron and steel were the only materials used in the construction of any machine. 9. By adding 80 calories of heat, one gram of ice is converted into the liquid state. This addition of the 80 calories does not cause any change in temperature.

XXVI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy is uncreatable and indestructible: it states that in everything that occurs in the world a transformation of energy is all that takes place; it says that after it changes form, it is in sum total always of the same amount. 2. Water is one of the few substances that man knows well and uses in all of its three forms. It is a substance made up of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. It is impossible to live without water. It is water that is the most common thing in our life. 3. The density of the liquid air is only a little less than that of water. 4. The substances that must have a long time to be heated will keep their heat much longer than those that can be heated more rapidly. 5. At temperatures higher than those mentioned before most substances melt or evaporate. 6. That part of the atmosphere which is above 7 miles is called stratosphere.

XXVII. State the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and translate the sentences.

1. The smallest particles that we see through a microscope are much larger than the molecules. 2. Lighter molecules move with greater speeds than heavier molecules. 3. Water is one of the most common things in our life. 4. From the earliest times people dreamed of air flights. 5. The greatest part of the matter around us is liquid or gas. 6. Zinc is cheaper than other metals. 7. The planet Mars is much less massive than the Earth but its density is greater than that of the crystal rock of the Earth. 8. Silver is one of the best conductors of electricity. 9. Lead is one of the heaviest metals.

XXVIII. Translate the sentences using Passive Voice.

1. Радіо було винайдено Поповим. 2. Молекули твердих тіл сильно притягуються одна до одної. 3. Енергія може перетворюватися з одного виду в інший. 4. Вольфрам вважається дуже цінним матеріалом. 5. Атом можливо розділити на ще менші частини. 6. В ХІХ столітті було відкрито будову матерії. 7. Сучасна теорія космічних ракет була розроблена Ціолковським. 8. На конференції буде зроблено кілька цікавих доповідей. 9. Де використовується вольфрам? 10. Коли було винайдено радіо? 11. Чи буде в цьому році збудована нова електростанція?

XXIX. Translate the sentences using Passive Voice.

1. Роботу нашого професора використали багато вчених. 2. Нами була зроблена велика кількість дослідів. 3. Склад цієї речовини буде знайдено шляхом досліду. 4. Нам дозволяють проводити досліди в нашій лабораторії. 5. Чи можна продовжувати нашу дослідницьку роботу? 6. Коли будуть відомі властивості цього газу?

XXX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the reflexive pronouns:

1. When a person warms himself at an open fire, he feels a direct heat, which acts rapidly and at a distance. 2. Although metals differ greatly among themselves, any kind of metal is a much better conductor of heat than any other kind of material. 3. Rubber by itself has a very limited use, but combined with other substances it is very important. 4. We ourselves live at the bottom of air ocean. It is not so dense as water, but as we know its weight and pressure are not inconsiderable. 5. Solids sink in liquids less dense than themselves. 6. The method in which the rocket itself reported details of its trajectory was used in Lunnik III. 7. When heat is added the motion of molecules becomes more rapid. This motion naturally affects the molecules themselves.

TEXT 1.

Energy Transformation. Varieties of Energy

There exist many sources of energy in the world both potential and kinetic. One source consists in water falling from high level such as an upland lake. Another source is wind or moving air. Others — in tides in the sea. Also heat from subterranean sources and lastly coal deposits and oil wells yielding mineral oil. But all these sources and stores of energy are not equally useful to mankind. Moreover, some stores of energy such as coal and oil can never be replaced by us when once used up. On the other hand stores of high level water are continually being replaced by rain and wind and tides will not, as far as we know, ever cease to exist.

Hence a very important matter is the conversion of energy from one form to another. The form most required by us is mechanical energy.

We require to rotate* shafts in a factory for driving various machines and also for driving the wheels of vehicles of automobiles or locomotives. The energy of water power is very unequally distributed. Some countries such as Norway and Switzerland are rich in it and some such as England are poor.

Appliances for converting energy from one form to another are called engines. Thus a heat engine is a machine for converting heat into mechanical energy by the combustion of coal or oil and a water engine (water turbine) can convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Another important matter to all such engines and transformation is the question of their efficiency or the ratio of the energy delivered in the desired form to that given to the engine in the available form. Thus, for instance, in the case of a heat engine we give it so much heat by combustion of coal or oil, and we take from it so much mechanical energy in kinetic form rotational or mo­tional and the important question is the ratio of the latter to the form­er. In most cases it is very small.

__________________________

* We require to rotate...— Нам потрібно обертати

TEXT 2.

PRINCIPLES OF FUSION

It is a property of nuclear structure that of the 104 known chemical elements the nuclei of the very lightest, and again of the very heaviest, are less stable than those of medium atomic weights. Thus energy will be released from these heaviest and lightest nuclei in processes that are known to proceed toward more stable nuclei, the reaction moving in opposite directions for the heavy and the light nuclei. Because of these relations of stability the heaviest atoms emit energy when they split in fission and, thus, are greatly reduced in weight, that is, move toward medium atomic weights. On the other hand, the lightest elements emit energy when they are combined in fusion, hence, also, move toward medium atomic weights. Mass is found to disappear in both processes, and reappear as energy of motion or of radiation, the mass of the nuclei after the reaction in each case being less than the mass before the reaction.

The fundamental difference between fusion and fission reac­tions is that it is extremely difficult to make light elements react. The interacting nuclei all carry electric charges and, hence, repel each other. Whereas the neutron can enter a uranium nucleus and cause fission even when it is moving extremely slowly, and in fact reacts better the more slowly it moves, the hydrogen nuclei, H² and H³ repel each other strongly and this repulsion must be overcome for the fusion reaction to take place. It is necessary to bring most of the nuclei in the interacting material close together to react and there is only one practical way to attain this condi­tion — to cause all atoms to move with high velocity. At the extremely high temperature that is necessary, some tens of mil­lions of degrees, the atoms move rapidly enough, simply because of the heat motion, so that they approach closely enough to each other for the nuclei to merge and the fusion reactions to take place. We speak of such reactions as thermonuclear reactions, that is, nuclear reactions caused by heat or thermal motions of the nuclei.

When the reaction commences, when some of the atoms ap­proach each other closely enough for their nuclei to fuse, the energy, released from the nuclear reactions causes other atoms to be heat­ed still more; they move more rapidly, and the rate of energy release then increases. This process known to be the one that oc­curs in the H-bomb enables us to produce very high temperatures.

TEXT 3.

The Electron Microscope

The electron microscope differs from the optical microscope in that it substitutes a stream of fast electrons for rays of light, specially construct­ed coils of wire for lenses, and a fluorescent screen or a photographic plate for the eye. It differs from the older instrument also in that its work­ing parts are enclosed in a highly evacuated chamber.

The electronic stream by which minute objects under inspection are “illuminated” is provided by an electron gun. The gun consists of three essential parts. The first is a small compact filament of tungsten wire, which serves as a cathode. When the microscope is in use, the filament is heated to incandescence by an electric current. It then emits a constant stream of electrons. The second essential part is an anode with a small central hole. The anode is grounded, while the filament, which is located inside a metal guard cylinder, is kept at a negative voltage. The third part is a doughnut-shaped coil of wire. It is called an electron lens because when carrying an electric current, it acts upon a stream of electrons pass­ing through it in much the same way that a convex lens acts upon a beam of light. It concentrates the electrons upon the object.

The minute objects to be examined are mounted on a film no more than a millionth of an inch in thickness. The film must be very thin in order to be as transparent as possible to the electrons. The objects, on the other hand, scatter or retard the electrons, or even stop them. The electron stream as altered by the objects passes through another lens. This lens corresponds to the objective of an optical microscope. The electrons passing through this lens are concentrated in a greatly enlarg­ed image of the object.

A third lens forms a magnified image of a portion of the previous image. The latter image is caught on a fluorescent screen, where it may be viewed, or on a photographic plate. The dimensions of the last image may be as much as 20,000 times those of the object it represents.

With this enormous magnification at their disposal it is possible now for research workers to extend their observations to particles many times smaller than any they have ever examined before.