1 курс / UNIT7_ST_2012

toward the «master’s» degree and was given to a candidate who studied the necessary texts in the grammar, rhetoric, and logic for three or four years and successfully passed examinations. So, the holder of the bachelor’s degree finished the first stage of academic life and could study now for the degree of «master» or «doctor». After completing those studies, he was examined by a special board and, received a «master’s» or «doctor’s» degree, which gave him the right to join the teachers’ guild and was a certificate of fitness to teach at any university.

Today the terms «master», «doctor», and «professor» signify different levels of academic achievement, but initially they were equivalent terms. The degree of «doctor» of civil law was first given at the University of Bologna in the second half of the 12th century, and similar degrees came into existence in medicine, grammar, logic, and philosophy. At the University of Paris, however, the term «master» was more commonly used, and the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge adopted the Parisian system. In many universities, the certified scholar in the faculties of arts or grammar was called a «master», but in the faculties of philosophy, theology, medicine, and law he was called a «doctor». Perhaps because it was necessary to become a «master of arts» before the other studies, the doctorate was considered the higher title. (The common Anglo-American degrees «master of arts» and «doctor of philosophy» come from this usage.) In German universities, the titles «master» and «doctor» were also at first equal, but the term «doctor» soon came to be applied to advanced degrees in all faculties, and the German usage was adopted throughout the world.

Today in Europe, degrees are being harmonised through the Bologna process, which is based on the three-level hierarchy of degrees (Bachelor, Master, Doctor). This system is currently in use in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This system is gradually replacing the two-stage system now in use in some countries. The bachelor’s degree means the completion of undergraduate study, usually amounting to four years. The «master’s» degree means one to two years’ additional study, while the doctorate usually involves a longer period of work. British and American universities consider the bachelor’s as the first degree in arts or sciences. After one or two more years of course-work, the second degree, which abbreviation is MA or MS, may be obtained by examination or the completion of a piece of research. At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, holders of a BA can receive an MA six or seven years after entering the university simply by paying a certain amount of money.

Today degree of «doctor of philosophy» (PhD) is usually offered by all universities round the world that admit advanced students and is given after prolonged study and either examination or original research.

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OWS.7.5.1. Ответьте на вопросы письменно и переведите ответы на русский язык

How many degrees were there originally in European higher education?

1

What could do the holder of the bachelor’s degree?

2

What is the three-level hierarchy of degrees in Europe today?

3

What is the first degree in arts and sciences in British and American universities today?

4

Who is given degree of PhD today?

5

OWS.7.6. Прочитайте текст и определите в нем сложные места; повторно прочитайте текст и переведите его устно, подписав карандашом перевод и транскрипции незнакомых слов в тексте

THE US HISTORY

B.C.: Good evening. I’m Brandan Calvey. Nancy Long is in the BBC studio with me, speculating on the US. Nancy is an Oxford graduate and director of the famous «Brea Travel» agency. She’ll help me answer your questions about the US telling a story prepared by her agency.

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N.L.: In fact, the history of the US is an interesting story of constant travel. Many centuries ago travellers from ancient Europe — Norwegian Vikings — came to live in the unknown land. That region was the east of the States. It was just there, that the first American colonies were organised in 1607 and from where the American Revolution started in 1773.

The early settlers controlled the territory of present day Connecticut, Massachusetts, and other Eastern states. At first, people stayed near the sea, but then the strongest and bravest of them, went west, to Hawaii and Alaska. In 1804 they started on their long travel from Missouri to the North. The process of immigration did not stop with the years, and millions of people arrived from Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Latin America. Most of them had the same characteristics as the settlers of the first generation: they were talented, full of energy, and opposed to any religious conversion or debate. They did not care for money, certificates or licenses. It was freedom that they all cared for — the freedom to live according to their ideas and principles. They built new cities on the territory of present Kansas, Mississippi and other states. Many of them travelled deeper and deeper into the new land. Some followed religious leaders like the legendary Mormon Joseph Smith, who built Salt Lake City in Utah. Others went for gold. You can follow their way going from state to state, too, in our «Historic Tour».

Because of intense travelling and hard work unknown minerals and necessary metals were found in Ohio and Florida, good lands for plantations in Texas and California. People discovered and cultivated new vegetables. Also, America went on demonstrating the world the scientific and practical progress, starting with simple mechanisms on electricity and ending in modern super scanners of genetic codes and molecules at teleportation. You can see these and many other interesting things in our special tour — «America’s progress».

The history and economy of the US are closely connected with Canada and its two provinces — Quebec and Ontario. French settlers came to Canada, founded Quebec City and Montreal, named the land New France, and declared it a colony.

In 1717 Canada became a British colony. That’s why there are two official languages

— English and French.

If you are a candidate for some official position or prestigious work in Canada, you are welcome to our Canadian French and Canadian English programmes.

B.C.: Another interesting question you often ask is about Washington. The thing is that two different notions, having the same name, are sometimes mixed up: the west of the US, and Washington, D.C., the capital of the US. Washington, D.C. is neither state, nor city. It is also known as D.C., the District and the District of Columbia.

N.L.: The capital attracts thousands of visitors. Classical buildings and large parts of D.C. reflect the history of the US.

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The White House, the President’s residence, is a perfect example of the late eighteenth century Renaissance. A special tour «Two Washingtons» will take you around the state and the District.

B.C.: Completing our story I’d like to give you some useful advice, When you write to the state of Washington in the US, don’t use the full name of the state. Use postal abbreviations

— the short equivalents for the names. For example, use OH for Ohio, K.S for Kansas, FL for Florida, and MA for Massachusetts.

N.L.: But if you are going to buy our tour, you don’t have to write any letters. Just call our Agency 1-800-990-6307. See you soon in the US and Canada!

OWS.7.6.1. Получите задание у преподавателя, составьте и запишите рассказ на 120 - 150 слов о событиях, изложенных выше, от лица туриста, вернувшегося из тура

___________________________________________________________. Записанный текст переведите на русский язык письменно

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Лексико-грамматический справочник

к конспекту занятий урока 7

(Reference book)

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Лексико-грамматический справочник к конспекту занятий урока 7 (Reference book)

Rb.7.1. СОВЕРШЕННЫЕ ВРЕМЕНА

Формы активного залога совершенного времени образуются при помощи глагола «to have» в соответствующей форме и III формы глагола. В разговорной речи часто употребляются сокращенные формы глагола «have»:

to have + III форма глагола

АКТИВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ НАСТОЯЩЕГО СОВЕРШЕННОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

Have we/you/they worked? (Have we/you/they taken?)

Настоящее совершенное (Present Perfect) употребляется:

1) когда акцент сделан на результат действия, а не на время, когда оно было совершено, или действие полностью завершено. Очень часто в таких предложениях сообщается новость.

3) когда мы говорим о повторяющихся до настоящего времени действиях.

4) когда действие сопровождается словами, которые часто обозначают прошедшее время, но максимально приближенное к настоящему времени.

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АКТИВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ПРОШЕДШЕГО СОВЕРШЕННОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

Прошедшее совершенное (Past Perfect) употребляется:

1) когда действие завершилось в прошедшем времени к какому-то моменту.

2) когда два действия проходили в прошедшем времени, но одно из них завершалось раньше.

Часто в таких предложениях участвуют союзы «when», «after», «as soon as» и др.

Примечание: Обратите внимание, когда что-то происходит впервые, то употребляется только Present Perfect (случай 5).

4) в косвенной речи после глаголов в Past Indefinite.

Будущее совершенное (Future Perfect) употребляется:

1) когда действие завершится к какому-то моменту в будущем. Обычно обстоятельство

времени сопровождается предлогом «by»

2) когда два действия будут происходить в будущем, но одно действие закончится раньше второго.

Rb.7.2. ФОРМЫ ПАССИВНОГО ЗАЛОГА

СОВЕРШЕННОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

(упр. G.7.8.)

Формы пассивного залога совершенного времени образуются при помощи глагола «to

have» в соответствующей форме + III формы «to be» + III формы смыслового глагола

to have + been + III форма глагола

ПАССИВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ НАСТОЯЩЕГО СОВЕРШЕННОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

Have we/you/they been worked? (Have we/you/they been taken?)

ПАССИВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ПРОШЕДШЕГО СОВЕРШЕННОГО ВРЕМЕНИ