connected with church and _______________ (3) (to mean) «a religious festival». Only later, in about 1800 – 1840, it did become possible to play games and go in for different kinds of competition on Sundays. This _______________ (4) (to be) the beginning of the weekend.
So, people worked very hard during the week, except on Sunday. But soon it
_______________ (5) (to understand) that a single day was not enough to restore people’s health after an exhausting week and Monday _______________ (6) (to include) in the weekend, too.
Now a weekend _______________ (7) (to include) two days, too: they are Saturday and Sunday. Do people go to church and play games on these days? Yes, they _______________ (8) (to do). They also _______________ (9) (to go) to the cinema and to the theatre. But if it is too expensive for them, they just stay at home and rest. Perhaps they _______________ (10) (to go) for a walk in the park or in the wood.
G.7.10. Перепишите предложения, ставя глаголы в пассивный залог и производя соответствующие изменения. Переведите их письменно
John has just admitted his mistake.
Ex.
The mistake has just been admitted by John.
Ошибка была только что признана Джоном.
Writers, artists, politicians have used coffee houses as informal places to meet, talk and do business since the eighteenth century.
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They had completed their experiments on solar energy by the first of June.
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Astronauts have brought back 382 kilos of rock and dust from the Moon.
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Britain has developed a design industry and the whole world admires it.
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Scientists have known for years that cars, using electricity and not petrol, are better for the environment.
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Seventy British citizens have won Nobel prizes for science – more than any other country except for the United States.
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G.7.11. Используя глаголы, приведенные в рамке, и поставив их в соответствующую форму (в скобках после глагола указано, сколько раз используется данный глагол в тексте), восстановите текст. Обратите внимание на значок (*), указывающий, что данный глагол в тексте выполняет различные функции: смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глагола или глагола-связки
to be*, to build (1), to call (1), to collide (1), to consider (1), to dance (1), to demand (1), to die (1), to go (2), to happen (1), to have*, to leave (1), to make (1), to prevent (1), to receive (1),
to sleep (1), to take (1), to try (1), to work (1),
THE WORST SEA DISASTER
There __________ never __________ (1) a ship like the Titanic. Built in 1912, it was the biggest and most beautiful liner that __________ever ____________________ (2) before. It
__________ also ____________________ (3) very safe because of its special design.
There __________ (4) 2,224 people on its board when the Titanic __________________ (5) its first voyage from England to New York. For several days everything __________ (6) well. But on the 14th of April, when the ship was 640 kilometres south of Newfoundland in Canada, it
_______________ (7) with an iceberg. The result _____________ (8) a gigantic hole in the
Titanic’s right side.
When the catastrophe ______________ (9), many passengers ____________________ (10), others ___________________ (11) in the ship’s ballroom. Hundreds of people ___________ (12) to go away in lifeboats. They ___________ (13) the lucky people. But fifteen hundred men, women and children could not _______________ (14) the ship. They _____________ (15) in the icy waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It _____________ (16) the Titanic two and a half hours to go down.
Only the arrival of the liner «Carpatia» 1 hour and 20 minutes after the ship __________(17) down ___________________ (18) more human losses in the icy waters.
As a result of the catastrophe, the first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea
_____________________ (19) in London in 1913. The Convention _________________ (20) out the rules requiring that every ship must ___________ (21) a lifeboat place for each passenger. The
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Titanic ___________ (22) only 1,178 boat places for 2,224 passengers. It _________ also
___________________ (23) to have a 24-hour radio watch on every ship.
The liner «Californian», which _____________ (24) less than 32 kilometres away from the Titanic, ___________________ (25) its SOS signals because the radio operator ____________ (26) on duty at night.
G.7.12. Перепишите предложения, употребляя глаголы в скобках в нужной форме, и переведите их письменно
On my way to the office I turned round because I (forget) to turn off the gas.
Ex. 
On my way to the office I turned round because I had forgotten to turn off the gas.
По пути в офис я повернул назад, т.к. я забыл выключить газ.
We (play) a lot of tennis recently.
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Brother Val (not be) at home for three years. He (work) for an American firm in Quebec.
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The criminals (find) in Warsaw by INTERPOL.
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How many times (see) you the famous film «K-9»?
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Our grandfather often talked to us about interesting things he (do) in his youth.
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Mary never (learn) French. She speaks Spanish.
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(Be) you to a song festival?
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The inflation (increase) in Russia in 1990s, and that period was very hard for the people.
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We (live) in California until I (be) fifteen.
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The lecture already (start) when Chris arrived.
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Montreal (change) a lot since I (be) there last.
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A beautiful office building (build) nearby now.
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When I (come) home Mom and Dad (watch) TV.
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The smallest car of the Opel family (design) recently.
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Phil (read) for his math exam when Irene came.
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РАЗДЕЛ 3. УСТНАЯ и ПИСЬМЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
(ORAL and WRITTEN SPEECH)
OWS.7.1. Прочитайте текст и определите в нем сложные места; повторно прочитайте текст и переведите его устно, подписав карандашом перевод и транскрипции незнакомых слов в тексте
ALTERNATIVE FORMS of ENERGY
Human activity in the twenty-first century will depend on electricity, as the most important kind of power. Today there is a debate among scientists how to produce energy of tomorrow. What sources should be used?
Men have been working on the application of solar energy since earliest times, but there had been a problem how to generate useful power from the sun’s heat until hot-air engines were invented. The amount of energy reaching the Earth from the Sun can meet all human needs. How long has solar energy being used? Solar energy has been used for generating electricity since 1954. Solar panels on the houses turn the energy of the Sun into electricity.
Another energy resource is the heat from inside the Earth: from volcanoes, geysers, boiling pools. Several applications have been developed for this geothermal energy. For example, buildings and greenhouses can be heated by it. Hot water from such sources is also used for heating soil to increase agricultural production. The most important application of geothermal energy, however, is the generation of electricity. The first geothermal power station was built in Italy in the early 1900s. Since then similar stations have been built in different countries. For example, San Francisco gets half of the energy from geothermal sources.
A great amount of electrical energy can be created by wind-powered generators, but how?
It’s only possible in windy areas. But, unfortunately, when there’s no wind, no energy is produced.
In California, over 13,000 of these generators have been built. The power of ocean waves can also be used to make electricity. And there might be some other forms of energy we don’t know anything about yet.
OWS.7.1.1. Найдите в тексте вопросы и выпишите их. Ответьте на них письменно
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OWS.7.1.2. Напишите свои три вопроса на английском языке, связанные с проблемой, высказанной автором в тексте
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2
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OWS.7.2. Прочитайте текст и расставьте абзацы в правильном порядке. Переведите текст устно
GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER,
the FATHER of NATIONAL PRODUCTS
_____ A) Many scientists thought of Carver more as an unreal person than as a contributor to scientific knowledge. Many of his contemporaries were critical of him and his work. It was strange for them that this small, soft-spoken, modest man, eccentric in dress and manners, never thought of pleasures and rewards in this life. But these qualities were admired by many people and Carver became a comfortable symbol of the intellectual achievements of black Americans.
_____ B) Then Carver left Iowa for Alabama to direct the newly organised department of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, a school headed by the noted black American educator Booker T. Washington. There Washington was trying to improve the life of black Americans through education. Though Carver was offered many jobs in other places, he stayed at Tuskegee all his life.
In 1896 Carver became the institute’s director of agricultural research. He devoted his time to research projects aimed at helping Southern agriculture, demonstrating ways in which farmers could improve their economic situation. At this time agriculture in the South was in serious trouble because of the exhausted and worthless fields. It was then that Carver decided to plant peanuts,
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which could restore the lands. Carver found that Alabama’s lands were particularly good for peanuts and sweet potatoes, but when the farmers began to cultivate these crops instead of cotton, they found little demand for them on the market. To solve this problem, Carver began to work on his programme «how to grow peanuts» and make laboratory research. In the result, he developed
300 products from peanuts — among them cheese, milk, coffee, plastics, wood, soap, linoleum, medicinal oils, and cosmetics — and 118 from sweet potatoes, including flour, vinegar, rubber, ink, and others.
_____ С) Today you can hardly meet a person who has never eaten peanuts or who just doesn’t know what they are. But thinking about peanuts you will never think about agriculture, though these two notions are closely connected. In fact the discovery and the development of peanuts in the US came to a revolution in the agricultural economy.
That’s why it may be interesting to learn about the life of a person who made a large contribution into agriculture of that time and whose career and research were devoted to these discoveries.
_____ D) In 1914 Carver demonstrated his experiments to the public, and increasing numbers of the
South’s farmers began to turn to peanuts and sweet potatoes. Much exhausted land was renewed, and the South became a big new supplier of agricultural products. When Carver arrived at Tuskegee in 1896, the peanut had not even been considered a crop, but during the next half century it became one of the six most important crops throughout the United States. In 1942 the US government gave 5,000,000 acres of peanuts to farmers.
_____ E) As it often happens to talented people, George Washington Carver was from a very poor family. Actually, he was the son of a slave woman owned by Moses Carver. During the Civil War, slave owners found it difficult to hold slaves in Missouri, and Moses Carver sent his slaves, including the young child and his mother, to Arkansas. After the war, Moses Carver learned that all his slaves had disappeared. George and his mother were kidnapped and sold in Arkansas. Only Carver was found. His mother had already died. Weak and very ill, the motherless child was returned to his owner’s home and nursed back to health. The boy had a very good sense of colour and form and learned to draw; later in life he devoted much time to painting flowers and plants. Though the Carvers told him he was no longer a slave, he stayed on their plantation until he was about 10 or 12 years old, when he left to get an education. He spent some time working with his hands and developing his interest in plants and animals.
_____ F) By books and experience, George got a fragmentary education. He supported himself by different occupations that included a general household worker, hotel cook, and farm worker. When he was 20 he obtained a high school education in Minneapolis, Kansas, working as a farmhand. After a university in Kansas refused to admit him because he was black, Carver entered Simpson College, where he studied piano and art, transferring to Iowa State Agricultural College, where he received a bachelor’s degree in agricultural science followed by a «master of science» degree.
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OWS.7.2.1. Используя лексику текста, переведите письменно следующие словосочетания
1среднее образование
2рабыня
3сделал большой вклад
4истощенные и никчемные поля
5выдающийся афро-американский педагог
6многие из его современников
7ребенок, лишенный матери
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человек, внесший вклад в научное |
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познание |
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9 |
как вырастить арахис |
10улучшить жизнь
11очень хорошее чувство цвета и формы
12вновь организованный департамент
13эксцентричный в одежде и поведении
14главный управляющий по дому
15крупный новый поставщик
OWS.7.3. Прочитайте текст и определите в нем сложные места; повторно прочитайте текст и переведите его устно, подписав карандашом перевод и транскрипции незнакомых слов в тексте. Перескажите текст по-английски
CHRISTMAS and NEW YEAR
Among traditional holidays in America and Europe the most popular are Christmas and New Year. It is in these periods that trade is most active. Christmas Day, the 25th of December, is the day when people celebrate each оther, saying «Merry Christmas», give various presents and ask their guests to the traditional dinner of turkey followed by a Christmas pudding, peanuts and fruits.
Parents prepare a large variety of presents for their children and tell them that Santa Claus will come to their houses at night. Children leave long socks at the end of their beds on the 24th of December, because they expect Santa Claus to come and bring them small presents and, if he doesn’t, it may follow their feelings.
Later in the afternoon many families watch special Christmas TV, and children play with their new toys.
On New Year’s Eve (December 31st) people celebrate the end of the old year. New
Year, like Christmas, remains a family holiday, when many people are travelling home to wish their families a Happy New Year.
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New Year is a more important festival in Scotland, than in other European countries. It has a special name — Hogmanay. Long ago there was a belief that the first person to visit your house on this day could bring good or bad luck. The first person to walk into the house was required to carry three things: a piece of coal for the fireplace to wish warmth, a piece of bread to wish food, and a silver coin to wish wealth.
OWS.7.4. Прочитайте текст. Переведите текст письменно
TITLE: NEVER MIX UP a |
НАЗВАНИЕ: |
BACKPACK and a
PARACHUTE!
One night, a plane was flying somewhere above New Jersey. There were five people on board: the pilot, Michael Jordan, Bill Gates, the Dali Lama, and a hippie. Suddenly, an illegal oxygen generator exploded loudly in the luggage compartment, and the passenger cabin began to fill with smoke. The cockpit door opened, and the pilot burst into the compartment.
«Gentlemen», he began, «I have good news and bad news. The bad news is that we’ve been going down for two minutes and will have been crashed in New Jersey in five. The good news is that there are four parachutes and I have always had one of them!» With that, the pilot opened the door and jumped out from the plane.
Michael Jordan was on his feet in a flash. «Gentlemen», he said, «I am the world’s greatest athlete. The world has always needed great athletes; I think the world’s greatest athlete
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should have a parachute»! With these words, he grabbed one of the remaining parachutes, and jumped into the night.
Bill Gates rose and said,
«Gentlemen, there is nobody in the world as smart as me. The world has always needed smart men. I think such men should have a parachute, too». He grabbed one, and out he jumped.
The Dali Lama and the hippie looked at one another. Finally, the
Dali Lama spoke. «My son», he said,
«A satisfying life has been lived by me. Your life is ahead of you; you take the parachute, and I will go down with the plane».
The hippie smiled slowly and said, «Hey, don’t worry! The world’s smartest man has just jumped out wearing my backpack».
OWS.7.5. Прочитайте текст и определите в нем сложные места; повторно прочитайте текст и переведите его устно, подписав карандашом перевод и транскрипции незнакомых слов в тексте. Ответьте на вопросы письменно и переведите ответы на русский язык
THE HISTORY of ACADEMIC DEGREES
The origin of degrees comes from European universities of the 13th-century, which had faculties organized into guilds. Members of the faculties had a license for teaching, and degrees were their professional certification. There was originally only one degree in
European higher education, that of «master» or «doctor». The bachelor’s degree, was a stage
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