Control questions
A purpose of paste-like synthetic detergents.
A structure of paste-like synthetic detergents.
Basic parameters of paste-like synthetic detergents.
Which factors influence on viscosity of paste-like synthetic detergents?
Basic stages of technological process of paste-like synthetic detergent production.
4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
Manufacture of liquid synthetic detergents does not demand the complicated equipment, the big expenses of energy and fuel, does not pollute the environment. However liquid synthetic detergents have the number of lacks. The limited solubility of SAS in water, especially at presence of useful inorganic additives, does not allow to enter into compounding necessary quantity of substances, increasing washing, complex forming and anti-resorbing ability of synthetic detergents. Therefore the assortment of liquid synthetic detergents is limited, they are used basically for washing of products from woolen, silk and synthetic fabrics, and also for washing of utensils and other economic-household purposes.
Requirements to liquid synthetic detergents: low temperature of turbidity, preservation of transparency and stability in wide interval of temperatures, low viscosity, high fluidity, pleasant color and smell.
The most known compositions of released liquid synthetic detergents are presented in the table.
Table 7. Liquid synthetic detergents’ compositions.
Name of components |
SD for all kinds of fabrics |
SD or woolen, silk and synthetic fabrics |
SD for washing in cold water |
Low-foam SD for all kinds of fabrics |
1. SAS (on 100 % of a basic substance): - oxy-ethylative fat alcohols (sintanole DS-10) - sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates - sodium alkyl sulphonates - potassium salts of synthetic fat acids (fraction C10-C16) - diethanol amides of synthetic fat acids (fraction C10-C13) - alkyl sulphates of primary alcohols - alkyl sulphates of secondary alcohols 2. Potassium tripolyphosphate 3. Sodium tripolyphosphate 4. Optical bleaches 5. Aromatic substances 6. Water |
17
-
- 5
2
-
10
-
10 - 0,2 0,2 up to 100 |
24
3
10 11
-
-
-
-
3,5 2 0,1 0,1 up to 100 |
25
-
8 -
-
10
-
7
2 - 0,2 0,2 up to 100 |
20
2
- 6
2
-
4
6
16,5 - 0,2 0,2 up to 100 |
Physical and chemical properties of liquid synthetic detergents depend on nature and concentration of used SAS. As active substances the anion active SAS (sodium alkyl sulphonates, alkyl sulphates of secondary spirits) and non-ionic SAS (sintanole DS-10, sintamide-5) are widely applied. Development of compositions of liquid synthetic detergents carries out by preliminary research of binary mixes of SAS and their influence on properties of ready product. Viscosity, uniformity and stability of compositions are especially important.
It is very difficult to keep a transparency and uniformity of liquid synthetic detergents at introduction of useful additives and alkaline electrolytes. This reason constrains the creation of liquid synthetic detergents for cotton fabrics. In some countries liquid synthetic detergents are released as non-transparent suspensions, which contain 10-20 % of SAS and 20-30 % of useful additives. For stabilization of dispersions sodium chloride and water-soluble polymers are used. Lack of sodium chloride is strengthening of equipment corrosion.
The important component of liquid synthetic detergents is potassium tripolyphosphate, which is applied instead of sodium tripolyphosphate, since sodium tripolyphosphate has low solubility in water. In quality anti-resorbent additive dextrin is used.
Synthetic detergents, containing the enzyme protosubtilin, effectively remove the albuminous pollutions. This enzyme long time keeps the activity in water environments. From the means, giving the whiteness, the chemical bleaches (in particular sodium perborate) do not enter in pastes and liquid synthetic detergents, since they are decomposed in water solutions and at storage.
The increase of production of chemical fibres and products from them causes the necessity of reduction of washing temperature up to 600С with preservation of disinfectant action of synthetic detergents.
The actual question is question of removal of static electricity from products from electricity-proof fabrics. It demands the creation of synthetic detergents with antistatic action. In given compositions the sorption properties of antistatic should considerably surpass the sorption properties of washing substances, that in result of rinsing the washing substances have been removed, and the antistatic is stayed on a fabric.
One of ways of increase of liquid synthetic detergents efficiency is introduction in their structure the chemical bleaches and enzymes, which promote chemical bleaching of linen, and at the same time they are steady in water solution.
Thus, development of the following structures of liquid synthetic detergents is an actual problem:
- synthetic detergents of universal purpose;
- synthetic detergents for cotton, flax and mixed fabrics, containing the chemical bleaches (hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and percarbonate) and enzymes;
- synthetic detergents with disinfectant and antistatic action for synthetic fabrics, wool, silk, including for washing in cold water.