- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
Carbonic soda. Carbonic soda in water solutions is hydrolyzed with formation of H2CO3. With reduction of concentration and rising of temperature the degree of hydrolysis grows, hence рН of solution increases.
Two-carbonic soda (bicarbonate). Dissociates similarly to sodium carbonate.
Double salt of carbonic and two-carbonic soda. The degree of hydrolysis and concentration of hydroxyl ions are decreased (smaller concentration of OH- ions, than in solutions of carbonic soda).
Silicates. Sodium silicates are salts of silicon acid of general formula mNa2O · nSiO2. The correlation SiO2: Na2O refers to as the module. The module can vary, and according to it silicates properties are varied. As the electrolytes including in washing and cleaning compositions silicates with the module 4 and above are applied.
In water solutions sodium silicates are hydrolyzed on the following equation:
Na2O · SiO2 + H2O ↔ Na+ + OH- + SiO2 · H2O
Solutions have alkaline reaction. The most alkaline salt is sodium metasilicate Na2O · SiO2 · 9Н2О. Sodium silicates are entered in synthetic detergents structure as water solution, i.e. liquid glass.
Silicates prevent corrosion of metals, especially aluminium. The additive of silicate to soaps protects them from oxidation. Alkaline silicates effectively improve the washing action of detergents due to high negative charge. They improve powders flowability.
Phosphoric salts
Sodium phosphates add alkaline-earth metals and iron ions to form complex compounds soluble in water:
Na5P3O10 + CaSO4 = Na5P3O10 + Na2SO4
Na3CaP3O10 + CaSO4 = NaCa2P3O10 + Na2SO4
Na5P3O10 + MgCl2 = Na3MgP3O10 + 2NaCl
Na3MgP3O10 + MgCl2 = NaMg2P3O10 + 2NaCl
Phosphates able to transform insoluble calcium salts of fat acids to soluble salts owing to modern synthetic detergents containing 25-40% (mass) of sodium phosphates which able to dissolve even scale:
(RCOO)2Ca + Na5P3O10 = 2RCOONa + Na3CaP3O10
Besides, phosphates prevent repeated sedimentation of pollutions on fabric, confining of them in washing solution in dispersed state. Sodium phosphates possess significant synergy in mix with anion-active substances.
Sodium tripolyphosphate also have ability to peptize pigment pollutions.
Trisodiumphocphate (Na3PO4). It is hydrolyzed in water solutions on the equations:
Na3PO4 + H2O ↔ Na+ + OH- + Na2H PO44
N2HPO4 + H2O ↔ Na+ + OH- + NaH2 PO4
NaH2PO4 + H2O ↔ Na+ + OH- + H3PO4
Condensed phosphates. In modern detergents these compounds find the greatest application. Special interest represent polyphosphates constructed from chains of structure Me n+2 (PnO3n+1), the metal can be partly replaced with hydrogen. The degree of condensation n can accept values from 1 up to 106. Practically phosphates with the short chains are applied. From alkaline salts in the crystal form pyro- and tripolyphocphate of sodium are known.
Sodium tetrapyrophocphate (Na4P2O7) is received by heating of dysodiumphocphate at high temperature. рН of 1% solution is equal 10,2. This salt connects ions of magnesium and heavy metals however it considerably concedes tripolyphocphate in this respect.
Sodium tripolyphocphate (Na5P3O10). Salt is received at heating the mix of monosodiumortophocphate and dysodiumortophocphate. The reaction proceeds on the following equation:
NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4 ↔ Na5P3O10 + 2H2O
Sodium tripolyphocphate exists in two forms: the form 1 turns out by heating at high temperature, the form 2 - at low temperature. рН of 1% solution is equal 9,7.