- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Ф.7.03-18
M.M.YESKENDIROVA
TECHNOLOGY OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMICAL GOODS PRODUCTION
Study guide
Shymkent, 2015
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
SOUTH-KAZAKHSTAN STATE UNIVERSITY named after M. AUEZOV
YESKENDIROVA M.M.
TECHNOLOGY OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMICAL GOODS PRODUCTION
STUDY GUIDE
for students of speciality 5B072000 – “Chemical technology of inorganic substances”
Shymkent, 2015
UDK 661.185 (075.8)
BBK 35.785
Yeskendirova M.M. Technology of household chemical goods production/ Study guide. – Shymkent: M.Auezov SKSU, 2015. – 98 p.
ISBN _________
The study guide was intended for students of speciality 5B072000 – “Chemical technology of inorganic substances”.
The study guide contains information about structure and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances, chemistry and technology of basic classes of household chemical goods (soaps, synthetic detergents, shampoos, tooth-pastes). The study guide was designed for higher education students studying the course “Technology of household chemical goods production” and can be used for training to lectures and laboratory works, as well as for independent and course works of students.
Reviewers:
Azhimetova A.B. – c.t.s., an associate professor of the chair “Computer engineering, standardization and certification” of the IHTU;
Zhekeev M.K. – a head of the chair “Technological processes and apparatuses” of M. Auezov SKSU, d.t.s., a professor.
The study guide was recommended for print by Educational Methodical Council of M. Auezov South-Kazakhstan State University, minutes # ___________
ISBN ______________ © M.Auezov South-Kazakhstan
State University
Contents
Preface |
7 |
1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances |
8 |
1.1 Synthetic detergent production |
8 |
1.2 Classification of surface-active substances |
10 |
1.3 Detergents and surfactants |
14 |
1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap |
15 |
1.5 Soaps and detergents |
17 |
1.6 Soaps |
17 |
1.7 Synthetic detergents |
19 |
1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps |
20 |
1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances |
20 |
1.10 Surface tension |
24 |
1.11 Physicochemical action of washing substances and detergents solutions |
25 |
1.12 Solubilization |
29 |
1.13 Washing action |
29 |
2. Synthetic detergents composition |
34 |
2.1 Inorganic compounds in composition of synthetic detergents |
34 |
2.2 Organic components included in synthetic detergents structure |
37 |
2.3 Main components of synthetic detergents compositions |
39 |
2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents |
41 |
2.5 Enzyme stabilization |
42 |
2.6 Application of enzyme-based detergents |
43 |
3. Synthetic detergents production |
46 |
3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture |
46 |
3.2 Technology of compositions preparation |
47 |
3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions. |
49 |
3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying |
52 |
3.5 Technology of spray drying |
52 |
3.6 The basic technological circuits of powder synthetic detergents manufacture by periodic and continuous ways |
54 |
3.7 The capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture |
60 |
3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer |
62 |
3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods |
65 |
3.10 Packaging of powders |
66 |
4. Cake, paste and liquid detergents production |
68 |
4.1 Manufacture of cake detergents |
68 |
4.2 Cake soap |
68 |
4.3Chemistry and technology of soap production |
70 |
4.4Cake synthetic detergents |
74 |
4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method |
74 |
4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method |
75 |
4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents |
78 |
4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents |
78 |
4.9. Compositions and production technology of liquid synthetic detergents |
82 |
5.Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics |
85 |
5.1 Shampoos |
85 |
5.2 Teeth care means |
89 |
Literature list |
96 |