19. Development of oe diphthongs and new diphthongs in Middle English period.

OE. [ēa] > ME. [ɛ:]	OE. ēare > ME. ere (E. ear)
OE. [ea] > ME. [a]	OE. earm > ME. arm
OE. [ēo] > ME. [e:]	OE. dēop > ME. deep
OE. [eo] > ME. [e]	OE. steorfan > ME. sterven (E. starve)
OE. [iə] > ME. [i], [e]	OE. nieht, hierde > ME. niht, herde (E. night, shepherd)

[e + i] > [ei]	OE. weʒ > ME. wey
[a + i] > [ai]	OE. dæʒ > ME. day
[a + u] > [aʋ]	OE. saʒu > ME. saw(e)
[o + u] > [əʋ]	OE. boʒa > ME. bowe
[e + u] > [eʋ]	OE. deaw > ME. dew

20. Early New English spelling changes. Group 1. Changes connected with the loss of endings. OE. hnutu – ME. nute – ENE. nut.

Group 2. Changes connected with doubling of consonants.

ME. dogge, lette, stoppe, sunne	ENE. dog, let, stop, sun
ME. kisse, locke, pulle, stuffe	ENE. kiss, lock, pull, stuff
ME. glas, sik, small, staf	ENE. glass, sick, small, staff
ME. super, sumer, felow, bery	ENE. supper, summer, fellow, berry

Group 3. Changes connected with the Latin origin of some words (latinization). ME. dette, doute (from Latin debitum, dubitare) – ENE. debt, doubt. This change was purely artificial.

Group 4. Changes connected with the introduction of digraphs ea and oa.

ME. rood, boot [ɔ:]	ENE. road, boat [rɔ:d, bɔ:t]	E. road, boat [rəʋd, bəʋt]
ME. se(e), deel [ɛ:]	ENE. sea, deal [sɛ:, dɛ:l]	E. sea, deal [si:, di:l]

21. Early New English changes of short and long vowels. Changes in long vowels. The Great Vowel Shift – the systematic shift in the pronunciation of stressed, long vowels in English, which occurred from the middle of the 15^th century to the middle of 16^th century in England and which permanently changed the pronunciation of the English language. It effectively marks the shift from Middle English to Modern English.

[i: - ai]	bite [‘bi:tə - bait]
[a: - ei]	mate [‘ma:tə - meit]	[u: - aʋ]	out [u:t - aʋt]
[o: - u:]	boot [bo:t – bu:t]	[ɔ: - əʋ]	boat [bɔ:t - bəʋt]
[ɛ: - i:]	beat [bɛ:t - bi:t]	[e: - i:]	beet [be:t – bi:t]

Changes in short vowels. 1. Development of vowel [a]. ME. [a] > [æ] map, cat; after [w]: [wa] > [wɔ] want, was, quantity.

2. Delabialization. [u] > [o] > [ʌ]. ME. some [‘sʋmə] > ENE. some [s ʌm]; ME. son [sʋn] > ENE. son [sʌn].

22. Early New English combinative changes. Combinative changes of vowels – under the influence of consonants. 1. Influence of [r]. a) [r] > [ə] after vowels in medial and final positions;

b) development of –er in the middle of words: -er [er] > -ar [ar] ME. derk, ferm, sterre > ENE. dark, farm, star.

c) short vowels + [r] → new vowels.

[ar] > ([aə]) > [a:]	park, dark, part, heart
[ɔr] > ([ɔə]) > [ɔ:]	port, form
[er, ir, ʋr] > [ɛə, iə, ʋə] > [3:]	term, person, girl, bird, fur, burden

d) long vowels + [r]

[e:r] > [iə]	beer, here	[a:r] > [ɛə]	hare, dare
[ɛ:r] > [ɛə] [ɛ:r] > [iə]	bear, wear; beard, dear	[i:r] > [aiə]	fire, hire
[u:r] > [uə]	poor, moor	[u:r] > [aʋə]	hour, our, flower
[ɔ:r] > [ɔə] > [ɔ:]	board, oar

2. Influence of [l]. [a + l] > [aʋ] + [l] > [aʋl] > [ɔ:l] all, tall; [l] is not pronounced before [k, m, f]: talk, walk, calm, calf, half, palm.

3. Influence of voiceless fricatives and some consonant clusters (~17 century). [a > (æ > æ:) > a:] after, craft, draft, pass, grass, bath, chance, dance, answer, cast, last, fast, ask.

23. Early New English changes of consonants. 1. Development of sound [х] denoted by gh. At the end of words gh [x] > gh [f]: ME. laugh [laux] > laugh [lauf] > ENE. laugh [la:f]. Medially gh [x] before t was lost in pronunciation: ME. daughter [‘dauxtər] > ENE. daughter [‘dɔ:tə] + the preceding vowel was lengthened. Lengthening: [i > i:]: ME. night [nixt] > [ni:t] > ENE. night [nait].

2. Voicing of fricatives in weakly-stressed syllables and words. ME. [f] > NE [v] of, active [< ME. actif) ME. [s] > NE [z] is, his, comes, possess ME. [θ] > NE [ð] with, the, they ME. [ks] > NE [gz] e’xamine, e’xhibit ME. [tʃ] > NE [dʒ] knowledge (< ME. knowleche)

3. Simplification of some consonant groups. wr [r]; kn [n]; gn [n]; mb [m]; ng [ŋ] - only one consonant is pronounced.

4. Development of new sibilants and affricates (developed from dental sounds + [j]). [t + j] > [tʃ] ‘culture, ‘century, ‘tune, ‘student [s + j] > [ʃ] ‘Russian, ‘Asia, ‘suit, a’ssume [z + j] > [ʒ] de’cision, ‘usual, ‘measure, re’sume [d + j] > [dʒ] ‘soldier, ‘duty, in’duce