40 Explain the potential problem during cargo operations

On the containerized cargo the potential problems may arise if the cargo watch personnel is not instructed about their duties and in not provided with a copy of cargo plan. Before cargo operations lashing gear operation tools must be standby for use. All cleats ,stoppers must be opened .Hydraulic system for ballast valve shall be activated. From the stowage plan crew shall check weights, lashing strength, reefer and special container stowage.20’or 40’ or 45’ compulsory stowage locations.Crew shall check draft, trim, heel

Bulk cargo

-one of the most common hazards is cargo shift , because of free flowing characteristics of grain. Rolling can also cause shifting and reduce her positive stability

Cargo falling from height (people working on deck can be injured)Cargo operations should always be monitored by the officer

Dust (one of the most common hazards).Dust particles are small enough to be inhaled and if inhaled can have disastrous effects on heals (wear masks)

Structural damage :heavy cargo placed high loads on the structural failure (damage) is therefore probable.

Corrosive: some cargo like coal and sulphur can cause several damage

Contamination (загрязнение) of cargo : preparation of cargo holds play a great role. Residues(остатки) and dust of previous cargo can contaminate(загрязнить) the new loaded cargo. The bilge should be pumped out regularly

Fire hazards: many bulk cargoes have tendency to heat during the voyage. When mix with air it can form an explosive mixture

Liquid cargo

• A responsible person should be on watch and sufficient crew should be on board to deal with the operation and security of tanker.

• The agreed tanker-to-shore communications systems should be maintained in good working order

• The standby requirements for normal stopping of pump of cargo transfer, and the emergency stop system for both the tanker and terminal should be fully understood by all personnel concerned

• Risk of overfilling tanks (the alarm system should be provide)

41 Pollution avoidance procedures

MARPOL 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL 73/78 is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions. It was developed by the International Maritime Organization in an effort to minimize pollution of the oceans and seas, including dumping, oil and air pollution. The objective of this convention is to preserve the marine environment in an attempt to completely eliminate pollution by oil and other.

harmful substances and to minimize accidental spillage of such substances.

-The Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan, or SOPEP, is a prevention plan carried on board tankers >150 GT and other vessels >400 GT. In this plan you get an overview of possible procedures in case of an oil spill. In the plan is also mentioned who you should contact (list of authorities, oil cleanup teams and port state control) and how to report this event to the nearest coast guard station.

Shipboard oil pollution plan contains:

• an action plan with instructions for the oil pollution prevention team. This is a list of duties the crewmembers have to fulfil in case of an oil spill

• an emergency plan

• General information about the ship

• Procedures to discharge the oil into the sea in accordance to MARPOL regulations

• Drawings of fuel/oil lines"

• Location of SOPEP boxes"

The plan should be written in accordance to the International Maritime Organization regulations.