- •Запорожець т.М., ткаченко о.В.
- •Content module 1: introduction to physiology lesson 1 Physiology subject and tasks. Physiological investigations methods. Excitability. Excitement. Irritation laws.
- •Importance of Chronaxie
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 2. To prepare nervous-muscular preparation.
- •Task 3. Nerve and muscle excitability measurement.
- •Task 4. Muscles contractions dependence on single irritations force.
- •Task 5. Draw and analize the curve “force-time”.
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control: Control questions:
- •Content module 2: “excitable tissues physiology” lesson 2 Nervous and muscular fibers resting potential and action potential.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Electrical changes during muscular contraction
- •Resting membrane potential
- •Action potential
- •Repolarization
- •Action potential curve
- •Latent Period
- •Importance of intracellular potassium ions:
- •Action Potential
- •Refractory period
- •Excitability changings (figure of action potentials phases and excitability changings correlation)
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Galwani’s first experiment.
- •Task 2. Galwani’s second experiment (contraction without metal).
- •Task 3. K.Matteuchi’s experiment.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 3 Nervous and muscular fibers electrical irritation mechanisms investigation. Electromyography.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •III. Fibrillation and denervation hypersensitivity
- •IV. Myasthenia gravis
- •Emg application in dentistry different branches
- •Emg application in therapeutical dentistry.
- •Emg application in surgical dentistry.
- •Emg application in orthopedical dentistry.
- •Emg application in children dentistry and orthodonthia.
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 4 Skeletal muscles contraction mechanisms investigation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Skeletal Muscle
- •Sarcomere
- •Composition of muscle
- •In Skeletal Muscle
- •Tongue, lips muscles and masticatory muscles contractive types and regimes at conversation.
- •Contractive types and regimens at mastication.
- •Masticatory muscles physiological properties. Masticatory musculature force and work.
- •The new in the world of masticatory muscles physiology and functional anatomy
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Skeletal muscle contractions curves registration
- •Task 2. Dynamometry
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 5 Skeletal and smooth muscles comparative characteristics.
- •Skeletal and smooth muscles comparative characteristics
- •Further events (common for skeletal and smooth muscles) –
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Frog’s stomach smooth muscles contractions registration
- •Task 2. To compare frog skeletal and smooth muscle to chemicals
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6.Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 6 Excitation transmission investigation through nervous fibers and nervous-muscular synapses
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •Neuronal theory.
- •Electrical theory.
- •Chemical theory
- •2 Main types:
- •Functions:
- •Functions:
- •Functions:
- •Functions of Myelin Sheath
- •Neurilemma
- •Mechanism of Saltatory Conduction
- •Nervous fibers properties
- •Synapses physiology
- •4 Main mediators groups:
- •Functions of synapse
- •Electrical Synapse or Ephapse
- •Chemical Synapse
- •Mechanism of Development of epsp
- •Properties of epsp
- •Significance of epsp
- •1. Postsynaptic Inhibition
- •Action of gaba—ipsp
- •2.Presynaptic Inhibition
- •3.Renshaw Cell Inhibition
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Isolated impulse conducting law (through nervous fibers).
- •Task 2. Two-sized conduction law.
- •Task 3. Physiological integrity law.
- •Task 4. To study fatigue (tiredness) ability in synapse.
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Lesson 7 Practical experience management on content credit 1,2: “Excitable tissues physiology”
- •Content credit 3: “organism functions nervous regulation” lesson 8 Reflex arc investigation. Receptors physiology.
- •1.The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •1. Somatic Nervous System
- •2. Autonomic Nervous System
- •V.According to receptors localization:
- •VI.According to biological significance:
- •VIII.According to ending result:
- •2. Visceroreceptors:
- •Facial-mandibular region receptors
- •Classification:
- •Significance of Receptor Potential
- •Mechanism of Development of Receptor Potential and Generation of Action Potential in the Nerve Fiber
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Receptive field definition.
- •Task 2. Reflex arc analysis.
- •Task 3. Gustatory receptors functional mobility determining (before and after eating).
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6.Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 9 Excitement processes investigation in cns. Inhibition processes investigation in cns.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •Inhibiting in cns
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Temporary excitement summation.
- •Task 2. Excitement summation.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6.Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 10 Reflex activity co-ordination mechanisms investigation.
- •1.The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Excitement irradiation in central nervous system.
- •5.Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Content module 4: “cns role in motor functions regulation”
- •Lesson 11 Spinal cord physiology. Spinal cord role investigation in motor organism functions regulation
- •1.Topic studied actuality:
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Internal structures of spinal cord
- •Neurons in Anterior Gray Horn
- •Neurons in Lateral Gray Horn
- •Neurons in Posterior Gray Horn
- •Spinal proper functions:
- •Spine vegetative functions:
- •Spine afferent ways:
- •Efferent ways:
- •Pyramidal tracts
- •Termination
- •Function
- •Effects of Lesion
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To investigate muscular tone in human being
- •Task 3. Deep (prophound) spinal reflexes investigation
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 12 Somato-sensor system investigation (skin and proprioceptive sensitivity, nociceptive sensitivity)
- •1.Topic studied actuality.
- •2 Main reasons:
- •Injured organ oxygen consumption inhibiting
- •Insufficiency in it
- •Pain classification:
- •Conductive ways
- •Visceral pain
- •Referred pain
- •3 Variants of pain theory:
- •Situation
- •Termination
- •Function
- •Situation
- •Termination
- •Function
- •Situation
- •Termination
- •Functions
- •Ascending tracts of spinal cord
- •Descending tracts of spinal cord
- •Sensory pathways
- •Pain projective zones at different teeth diseases
- •Dental pain conductive tracts and central mechanisms
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. To investigate hands and face skin pain sensitivity
- •Task 2. Temperature sensitivity investigation on hand
- •Task 3. Muscular-articular sensitivity investigation
- •Task 4. Pressure and weight sense investigation (Weber-Fechner’s law)
- •Task 5. Complicated sensitivity types investigation.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self- control:
- •Lesson 13 Posterior brain physiology. Posterior brain role investigation in motor and sensor functions regulation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Medulla oblongata functions:
- •Pons cerebri
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Trigeminal nerve (V-th pair investigation)
- •Task 2. Facial nerve (VII-th pair) investigation
- •Task 3. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX-th pair) investigation
- •Task 4. Accessory nerve (XI-th pair) investigation
- •Task 5. Hypoglossal nerve (XII-th pair) investigation
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self- control:
- •Lesson 14 Midbrain physiology. Midbrain role investigation in motor and sensor functions regulation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Superior Colliculus
- •Red Nucleus
- •Connections of Red Nucleus
- •Task 2. Stato-kinetic human reflexes.
- •Task 3. Investigate static and stato-kinetic reflexes in guinea pig.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Control questions:
- •Lesson 15 Cerebellum, diencephalon, subcortex nuclei physiology, their role in organism motor functions regulation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Structural organization of a cerebellum.
- •Functions of cerebellum
- •Cerebellum and its connections
- •Signs of a cerebellum lesion
- •Signs of a pallidum lesion.
- •Signs of a striate body lesion. Striatic syndrome.
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •Intermediate brain physiology
- •Functions:
- •Functions
- •1. Secretion of posterior pituitary hormones
- •2. Control of anterior pituitary
- •3. Control of adrenal cortex
- •4. Control of adrenal medulla
- •5. Regulation of body temperature
- •10. Regulation of water balance
- •11. Regulation of sleep and wakefulness
- •12. Role in behavior and emotional changes
- •13. Regulation of sexual function
- •14. Regulation of response to smell
- •15. Role in circadian rhythm
- •Cerebellum physiology
- •Interneuronal activity in cerebellum
- •Components and connections of functional divisions of cerebellum
- •Corticocerebellum (neocerebellum)
- •Functions of cerebellum
- •Connections of basal ganglia
- •1. Control of voluntary motor activity
- •2. Control of muscle tone
- •3. Control of reflex muscular activity
- •4. Control of automatic associated movements
- •5. Role in arousal (excitive) mechanism
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. To investigate movement co-ordination
- •Task 2. Asynergy investigation
- •Task 3. Dynamic ataxy investigation
- •Task 4. To put the attention to:
- •1. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 16 Practical experiences management on content credit 4: “cns role in motor functions regulation”
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •2. Study aims:
- •Topic content.
- •Ans is divided into 3 main parts:
- •Vegetative and somatic nervous system comparative characteristics
- •Ans mediator mechanisms
- •Organs with monosympathetic innervation:
- •Organs with monoparasympathetic innervation:
- •Vegetative ganglii features:
- •Effects of autonomic nervous system of selected organs
- •Metasympathetic nervous system (mns)
- •Mns functions:
- •2. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To perform pupils investigation
- •Task 2. Reflex to eyes convergence
- •Task 3. Vasomotor skin functions investigation
- •Task 4. Dermographism
- •Task 5. Erben’s reflex
- •Task 6. Abrams’ reflex
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing. Hormones classification (according to their chemical structure):
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Lesson 19 Hormones role in psychical and physical development, linear body growth, adaptation, homeostasis regulation.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •2.Study aims:
- •Corticotropine main effects:
- •Thyreotropine main effects:
- •Gonadotropines main effects:
- •Oxytocine main effects:
- •Vasopressine main effects:
- •Glucocorticoids effects-1
- •Glucocorticoids effects-2
- •Glucocorticoids effects-3
- •Vascular effects:
- •Glucocorticoids metabolic effects
- •Mineralocorticoids main effects:
- •Adrenaline main effects:
- •Adrenaline metabolic effects;
- •Somatotropine main effects:
- •Prolactine main effects:
- •Male sexual hormones
- •Inhibine
- •Progesterone functions:
- •Stress, general adaptation syndrome.
- •General adaptational syndrome morphological features.
- •Stress-inducing and stress-limiting systems. Diseases of adaptation
- •Stress-triggers or stressors:
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To investigate adrenaline influence on pupil width
- •Task 2. To observe pituitrine action to melanoforme cells
- •Task 3. To observe insuline action on white mice
- •Task 4. Spermatozoid reaction of Gally-Maininy
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Credit control on module 1: “general physiology”. Questions list for credit module control module 1
- •Content module 5. Autonomic nervous system role in visceral functions regulation.
- •Content module 6.
- •Visceral functions humoral regulation and endocrine glands role in regulation.
- •Tests for self-control:
- •Tasks for self-control
- •1. Introduction.
- •3. Ending aims of studying the subject “Normal Physiology”.
- •4. Module 1: General physiology
- •4.3. The student self-work types
- •4.4. Individual tasks list:
- •4.5. Credit modules assessment methodics.
- •4.6. Theoretical questions list for students preparing to credit module control
- •4.7. Practical tasks and works list to the credit module control Module 1: General Physiology Practical skills on excitive structures physiology.
- •Practical skills on organism functions nervous regulation physiology and cns role in motor functions regulation.
- •4.8. Literature recommended on the subject “Normal Physiology”.
- •Literature recommended
Tests for self-control:
1. It is necessary to estimate the excitability level of the excitability of tissue in an experiment. What parameter is it necessary to define for this purpose?
*A. Threshold of depolarization.
B. Resting potential.
C. Duration of action potential.
D. Amplitude (altitude) of action potential.
E.Critical level of depolarization.
2. It is necessary to estimate the level of the nerve excitability of a patient. What parameter is it necessary to define for this purpose?
A. Resting potential.
*B. Threshold force of the irritant.
C. Critical level of depolarization.
D. Amplitude of action potential.
E. Duration of action potential.
3. Constant current is applied with the diagnostic aim for teeth (sensitive nerves and pulp) excitability determining. Healthy teeth (independently on group) have equal excitability and react to the constant current force equal to 2-6 mcA. Such a reaction occurs in a patient at current threshold irritation at current force equal to 1 mcA. It testifies to:
A. Hypoexcitability and parodontosis
B. Hypoexcitability and pulpitis
*C. Hyperexcitability and parodontosis
D. Hyperexcitability and pulpitis
E. Pulp decomposition.
4. Why at threshold irritation applying in absolute refracterity phase answer reaction is absent:
A. Decreased excitability
B. Insufficient irritation force
*C. Excitability is absent
D. High excitability
E. Decreased lability.
5. The irritation of what force is it necessary to inflict on a nervous fibre to entail excitation in the phase of relative refractority?
A. Under-threshold.
*B. Above-threshold.
C. Threshold.
D. Under-threshold prolonged.
E. Threshold prolonged.
6. As a result of blockade of the ionic channels of the cell membrane its resting potential diminished from –90 to -70 mV. What channels were blocked?
A. Sodium.
*B. Potassium.
C. Calcium.
D.Magnesium.
E. Chloric.
7. During the research of an isolated excitable cell it was stated that the threshold of the stimulation force of the cell diminished substantially. What was the reason for it?
A. Blockade of energy production in the cell.
B. Inactivation of membrane sodium channels.
C. Inactivation of membrane calcium channels.
D.Activation of membrane potassium channels.
*E. Activation of membrane sodium channels.
8. As a result of the action of electric current on an excitable cell there was depolarization of its membrane. The movement of what ions through the membrane plays a basic part in the development of depolarization?
A. K+
B. HCO3.
C. Ca2+
D. Cl.
*E. Na+.
9. As a result of activating the ionic channels of external membrane of an excitable cell its resting potential was considerably increased. What channels were activated?
A. Fast calcium.
B. Sodium.
*C. Potassium.
D. Slow calcium.
E. Sodium and calcium.
10. What will the reduction of the muscles of the upper extremity be at an attempt to lift a load beyond one's strength?
*A. Isometric.
B. Isotonic.
C. Auxotonic.
D. Phasic.
E. Single.
11. Skeletal muscle is irritated with a series of electroimpulses in an experiment. Every next impulse is in the period of the shortening of a single muscular contraction. What type of muscular contraction will arise?
*A. Smooth or complete tetanus.
B. Toothed or non-complete tetanus.
C. Asynchronous tetanus.
D. A series of single contractions.
E. Muscle contracture.
12. An isolated muscle of a frog is rhythmically irritated by electric impulses in an experiment. Every next impulse is in the period of relaxation of the previous contraction. What contraction will arise?
A. Asynchronous.
B. Single.
*C. Toothed (non-complete) tetanus.
D. Smooth (complete) tetanus.
E. Tonic.
13. Muscles volume can become increased in sportsmen due to trainings. Call, please, muscular contraction energy direct source:
A. Kreatinephosphate.
*B. Аdenosinetriphosphate
C. Аdenosinediphosphate
D. Lactic acid
E. Neutral fatty acids
14. Person is performing physical exercises. At what stage muscles activity intensiveness will be maximal?
A. Tiredness
B. Prepairing
C. Pre-start state
*D. Stationary state
E. Restoration
15. Calcium pump work is weakened in experiment under chemical substance action to the frog’s smooth muscle. What phenomena one can observe in course of this?
*A. Relaxation duration increasing
B. Action potential increasing
C. Resting potential decreasing
D. Action potential distribution velocity decreasing
E. Sodium-potassium pump activation.
16. Under experimental conditions one hangs load to muscle from urether. Muscle is stretched and is rested in such situation even after load taking down. What muscular tissue feature is demonstrated by this experiment?
*A. Plasticity
B. Automatism
C. Elasticity
D. Contractility (contractiveness)
E. Ability to stretching.
17. At skeletal and smooth muscle irritation with the same frequency smooth muscle responds (answers) with tetanic contraction and skeletal one – with separate contractions. What smooth muscle peculiarities can serve as explaining of this?
A. Smooth muscle lability is more
*B. Smooth muscle refracterity is more
C. Smooth muscle chronaxy is less
D. Smooth muscle contraction duration is less
E. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is developed more in smooth muscle.
18. Stomach or urinary vesicle slow filling in the limits of physiological norm doesn’t cause pressure increasing in these organs. What smooth muscles peculiarity is on the basis of this phenomenon?
*A. Plasticity
B. Automatism
C. Excitability
D. Contractiveness.
E. Refractiveness.
19. Serotonin is applied for stomach and intestine smooth-muscular insufficiency. This substance increases alimentary organs smooth muscles contractions frequency. Which of alimentary organs smooth muscles feature will be expressed in the biggest extent?
A. Contractiveness
B. Excitability
C. Conductiveness
*D. Automatism
E. Plasticity.
20. During the examination of a sportsman after an intensive physical activity the incoordination of movements was detected. At the same time the force of muscle contraction was the same. The reason for it can be the diminution of conduction of excitement speed. What structures does it take place in first of all?
A. Conduction tracts.
B. Nervous-muscle synapses.
C. Efferent nerves.
D. Afferent nerves.
*E. Central synapses.
21. Complete demyelinization of fibers of conductive ascending tracts of a patient is revealed. Formation of what sensations will worsen the least?
A. Acoustic.
B. Proprioceptive.
C. Aftervision.
D. Tactile
*E. Temperature.
22. A frog reacts by generalized convultions to the least irritation after the introduction of strychnine. The blockade of what structure of the CNS is the reason for such reaction?
*A. Inhibitory synapses.
B. Excitatory synapses.
C. Renshow cells.
D. Adrenoreceptors.
E. Cholinergic receptors.
23. After a long training a sportsman tired, working capacity decreased. In what link of the reflex arch did fatigue occur first of all?
A. In an efferent.
B. In an afferent.
C. In receptors.
*D. In nerve centres.
E. In muscles.
24. The toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum blocks the entrance of calcium ions into the nerve endings of axons of motoneurons. Poisoning with it is dangerous to life by:
A. Vomiting development.
B. Cardiac arrest.
C. Disorder of vascular tone.
*D. Respiratory standstill.
E. Development of diarrhea.
25. The working capacity of a man reduced as a result of physical activity. The changes in what structures are the reason for the fatigue first of all?
A. Muscles.
*B. Nerve centres.
C. Afferent nerves.
D. Efferent nerves.
E. Nervous-muscle synapses.
26. It is ascertained in an experiment that during the excitation of the motoneurons of flexor muscles the motoneurons of extensor muscles are inhibited. What kind of inhibition underlies this phenomenon?
*A. Reciprocal.
B. Inhibition after excitation.
C. Pessimal.
D. Feedback (Renshow).
E. Lateral.
27. In unfresh products (meat, fish, tinned goods) microbic toxine botulin can be present. Its action to the myo-neural synapses is similar to calcium removal from them. Why this intoxication can lead to the lethal result?
A. Because of heart stoppage
B. Due to respiratory muscles contraction in tetanic regimen because of mediator releasing increasing
C. Because of respiratory center excitability decreasing and its activity inhibiting
D. Due to excitement conductance speed decreasing in myelinized fibers
*E. Due to respiration stoppage because of respiratory muscles relaxation
28. 45-yeared patient addressed the neurologist with the complaints on skin sensitivity decreasing to touching, pressure, tickling. The doctor came to the conclusion during careful examination that the patient has decreased sensitivity of receptors located in skin. Which of mechanoreceptors mentioned below don’t belong to mechanoreceptors:
A. Auditory
*B. Olfactory and gustatory receptors
C. Vestibulary
D. Тactile
E. Receptors of sustentacular-motor apparatus
29. Nausea, vomiting, sweat releasing enforcement appeared in 25-yeared woman during the rolling merry-go-round. What receptors activation, the most probable, led to these symptoms?
A. Skin mechanoreceptors
B. Skeletal muscles proprioreceptors
C. Corti organ receptors
D. Noceoceptive receptors
*E. Vestibulary receptors
30. Major mediator role in exciting synapses is in:
A. Postsynaptic membrane permeability diminishing to Na and Ca ions
*B. Postsynaptic membrane depolarization
C. Postsynaptic membrane permeability increasing to potassium and chlorum ions
D. Postsynaptic membrane permeability increasing to calcium and hydrogen ions
E. No one answer is correct
31. Frog answers with flexory reflex of the leg at this leg irritation with tweezers. But the animal answers with generalized motor reaction to stronger irritation. What is of the base of observed reaction?
*A. Excitement physiological irradiation
B. Excitement pathological irradiation
C. Inhibition process enforcement
D. Inhibition process weakening
E. Excitement process enforcement
32. It is known that excitement through nervous centers is directed in one direction. It is determined by:
A. Nerves features
*B. Synapses features
C. Dendrites structure
D. Axons features
E. Mediators features
33. It is ascertained in an experiment that during the excitation of the motoneurons of flexor muscles the motoneurons of extensor muscles are inhibited. What kind of inhibition underlies this phenomenon?
*A. Reciprocal.
B. Inhibition after excitation.
C. Pessimal.
D. Feedback (Ranshow).
E. Lateral.
34. An experiment is conducted on a spinal frog. The time of defense flexor reflex decreased from 10 sec. to 6 sec. after increasing the area of the skin surface, which is acted on with acid solution. What mechanism underlies the diminishing of the time of defense flexor reflex?
A. Irradiation of excitation on divergent nervous chains.
*B. Spatial summation of excitation.
C. Temporal summation of excitation.
D. Principle of dominant.
E. Recirculation of excitation.
35. During the pathologoanatomic research of the spinal cord of a 70-year-old man the destruction and diminishing of the quantity of anterior horns nuclei cells in cervical and thoracic spines were found. What functions were damaged during the man's life?
A. Moving functions of the lower extremities.
*B. Moving functions of the upper extremities.
C. Sensitiveness and moving functions of the upper extremities.
D. Sensitiveness of the lower extremities.
E. Sensitiveness of the upper extremities.
36. After a traffic accident a patient of 36 years got paralysis of muscles of extremities on the right, the loss of pain and temperature sensitivity on the left, partial reduction of tactile sensation on both sides. These changes are most characteristic of the defect of some part of brain. What part is it?
A. Motor cortex on the left.
*B. Right half of spinal cord.
C Left half of spinal cord.
D. Anterior division of the anterolateral pathway of spinal cord.
E. Dorsal columns of spinal cord.
37. 3. The toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum blocks the entrance of calcium ions into the nerve endings of the axons of motoneurons. Poisoning with it is dangerous to life by:
A. Vomiting development.
B. Cardiac arrest.
C. Disorder of vascular tone.
*D. Respiratory standstill.
E. Development of diarrhea.
38. Complete demyelinization of fibers of conductive ascending tracks of a patient is revealed. Formation of what sensations will worsen the least?
A. Acoustic.
B. Proprioceptive.
C. Aftervision.
D. Tactile
*E. Temperature.
39. 8.A hemorrhage into the brainstem of a patient of 70 is diagnosed. The exa-mination found out the increase of the tone of flexor muscles and the decline of the tone of extensor muscles. The irritations of what structures of brain can explain the changes in the tone of muscles?
A. Substantia nigra.
B. Vestibular nuclei.
C. Quadrigeminal plate.
*D. Red nuclei.
E. Reticular formation.
40. For better examination of the fundus of eye a doctor began to drip the solution of atropine on the conjunctiva of the patient's eye. It resulted in pupil expansion. The blockade of what membranous cytoreceptors stipulated such effect?
A. H2-receptors.
B. N-cholinoreceptors.
C. α-adrenoreceptors.
D. β-adrenoreceptors.
*E. M-cholinoreceptors.
41. A careless student met the dean by chance. The concentration of what hormone will be increased in the student's blood first of all?
Cortisol.
Thyreoliberin.
Corticotropin.
*D.Adrenaline.
E. Somatotropin.
42. After a cranial trauma a patient's respiration became infrequent and deep. What structure of cerebrum is damaged?
A. Medulla oblongata.
B. Hypothalamus.
*C. Metencephalon.
D. Cortex of large hemispheres.
Cerebellum.
43. After the introduction of microelectrodes into the structures of diencephalon the animal's eyesight failed completely. What subcortex structure was possibly damaged?
A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus.
B. Medial geniculate body.
C. Associative nuclei of thalamus.
D.Supraoptical nuclei of hypothalamus.
*E. Lateral geniculate body.
44. During an operation on cerebrum it was noted that the irritation of a certain area of the cortex of cerebrum caused tactile and temperature sensation of a patient. Which area of cerebral cortex was irritated?
A. Cingulate gyrus.
B. Precentral gyrus.
C. Upper lateral gyrus.
*D. Postcentral gyrus.
Parahippocampal gyrus.