Section IV article abstract

Focus vocabulary:

to submit – представляти на розгляд

to ensure – гарантувати, забезпечувати

to be entitled to – надавати право

to be availible – бути наявним

notification – повідомлення

abstract acceptance – прийняття тез

abstract rejection – відмова у прийнятті тез

proceedings – збірник статей

full paper, article – стаття

abstract – анотація до статті

abstracts – тези

co-author – співавтор

virtual registration mode – реєстрація з дистанційною участю у конференції

Using your prior knowledge and experience answer the following questions

1. Have you ever submitted an abstract for the conference?

2. Did you have any problems with the abstract submission process? and What problems did you have?

3. What ways of the abstract submission do you know?

4. Which way of the abstract submission is more popular and convenient today? Why?

In modern world where the use of on-line publication databases is predominant, writing an effective abstract in English has become even more important than it was some years ago. Scan the text and discuss it with your colleagues.

Abstract is a very concise summary of what the investigation/scientific article is about and usually placed before the body of the writing. It can be read to get a quick overview and tell the reader what to expect in the research and it should be based on all you have written. Abstracts are divided into descriptive and informative ones. They have different aims, so as a consequence they have different components and styles.

Descriptive abstracts are commonly used for humanities, social science papers or psychology essays. This type of abstract is usually very short (50-100 words). A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the paper. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. Most descriptive abstracts consist of such parts: background, purpose, focus of paper, overview of contents (not always included).

The majority of abstracts are informative. Informative abstracts are generally used for science, engineering or psychology reports. The writer presents and explains all the main points or important results and evidence in the complete article/research/book. This type of abstract is usually longer (250-300 words). Most informative abstracts generally have such parts: introduction, purpose, method, results and conclusion.

Informative abstract is typically a single paragraph. It should be considered as an independent document and include only essential information, leaving out unimportant details. The abstract should give some background information, state the principal purpose of the investigation, give some clear information about the methodology used, and state the most important results and the conclusion.

While preparing an abstract for a research article you should remember that an effective informative abstract:

1. uses one well-developed paragraph that is consistent, clear and compact, and is able to stand alone as a separate unit of information;

2. covers all the essential parts of the full-length investigation, namely the introduction, purpose, methods, results and conclusions;

3. uses longer sentences which are crammed with information and heavily worded;

4. often uses passive structures in order to report on findings, focusing on the issues rather than people;

5. usually does not include any referencing;

6. in publications such as journals, it is found at the beginning of the text, while in academic assignments, it is placed on a separate preliminary page.

Abstracts from almost all fields of study are written in a very similar way. The types of information included and their order are very conventional. These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline

Stages of abstracts (parts)	Purpose of stage
Introduction	This part should include the importance of the research work, the difficulty of the area and the impact it might have if successful. The purpose of the introduction is to provide the reader with a background to the study and hence to smoothly lead into the description of the methods employed in the research. Common expressions to be used: It has been noted that… The goals of this study are to determine … This study is an initial attempt to investigate … In particular, the investigation has been done in the area of …
Purpose	This section describes the purpose of the investigation. What is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to examine? What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of the research work? Verbs: investigate, examine, research, study, explore, survey, etc. Nouns: research paper, article, investigation, experiment, study, analysis. Adjectives: qualitative, quantitative, cross-sectional.
Method	This section contains such questions: How did you go about solving or making progress on the research? What did you actually do to get your results? What was the extent of the research work? What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Verbs: collect, analyze, synthesize, record, administer, test, handle, etc. Nouns: researchers, participants, exercises, activities, responses. Adjectives/adverbs: firstly, primarily, then, after all, next, etc.
Results	This section is the most important part of the abstract and includes the results of the investigation. This is because the audiences who read an abstract do so to learn about the findings of the study. As a result of completing the above procedure, what did you learn/invent/create? What’s the answer? Here you should avoid vague, hand-waving results such as “very”, “small”, or “significant”. Verbs/verb phrases: indicated, stated, revealed, showed, demonstrated, illustrated. Nouns: examination, evaluation, study, investigation, analysis. Adverbs: significantly, typically, unexpectedly.
Conclusion	This section should contain the most important take-home message of the research, expressed in a few precise sentences. The last section includes answers to such questions. What are the implications of the results? Are your results general, potentially generalizable or specific to a particular case? Modals: may, might, could. Common phrases expressing the degree of certainty: perhaps, appear to show, could, may be applied to. Verbs: indicate, discuss, argue, consider, and conclude.

Abstract Language