- •Учебное пособие для магистрантов и аспирантов исторического факультета
- •Part I module I Text one
- •The End of the Middle Ages. A Century of Paradox
- •It is (was)... Who (that, when ...)
- •Text two
- •Text three
- •The Age Of “Compromise”
- •Text four
- •1. Read the text.
- •Commentary
- •Module II Text one
- •The Principle of Federalism
- •Answer the following question.
- •Give the examples of
- •Text two The Principle of National Interest
- •Read the text and translate it.
- •Characterize the American political system and compare it with the English one. Text three The British Tradition of Federalism: Framework of Analysis
- •Text four
- •Read the article. The Tongue Twisters
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Module III text one
- •The Twilight of British Imperialism
- •Text two
- •Read the text. Give the main points of the text in a few sentences. The Decline of the British Empire
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Text three
- •Read the text. Translate the following text into Russian. Compare your translation with the key. Britain Revealed
- •Text four
- •Write out the pronunciation of the following geographical names and practise them.
- •Write short essays on the following issues.
- •Module IV text one
- •Read and tell your classmates the gist of the text. History and Historiography
- •Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text.
- •Text two
- •Translate the text without a dictionary. Discuss the text. Make a summary of the text.
- •Summarize the text in a paragraph of about 200 words. Text three
- •Translate in writing the text.
- •Speak on one of the topics.
- •Text four
- •Translate in writing the text.
- •Write an essay of about 200 words or speak on any non-Western historiography. Text five
- •From Tax Audits to Poetry
- •Module V text one
- •Read the text and find important ideas. Civilization
- •Answer the following questions to check how well you have read the text:
- •You have a list of opinions and a list of philosophers. Match the opinion to the philosopher who held it.
- •Text two
- •Text three
- •What is Philosophy?
- •Text four
- •Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary. State
- •Answer the following questions to check how well you have read the text:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Module VI text one
- •Governmental Structures
- •Text two
- •Monarchy
- •Text three
- •Text four
- •Oligarchy
- •Text five
- •Democracy
- •Text six
- •Read the text. Constitutional Government
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
- •Text seven
- •Module VII text one
- •Terrorism
- •Text two
- •Text three
- •Hail Caesar
- •Text four
- •Great Britain minus Scotland?
- •Read the text and discuss the following questions in your group.
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Part II keys The British Tradition of Federalism: Framework of Analysis
- •Britain Revealed
- •The British Monarchy
- •Англия Без Шотландии?
- •References
- •Contents
Answer the following questions.
Who is the author of the article “The Tongue Twisters”?
How many people speak English as a mother tongue?
In what spheres is English used?
Where do English language speakers live?
What is the result of English language spreading?
Are there any perspectives that English will loose its importance?
Where does the threat to native English speakers come from?
What are three groups linguists divide English speakers into?
What are the differences in standard English language and its dialects?
How can you characterize South African English?
What is the disadvantage for English native speakers in Great Britain?
Module III text one
Translate in writing the extract into Russian.
The Twilight of British Imperialism
It is possible to divide the story of imperial expansion into two main periods, the first ending and the second beginning about 1874.
In the later period, when Britain’s industrial and commercial supremacy and her predominance as a world power were seriously challenged, the imperial idea became a driving force in British politics. Poets, philosophers, historians and statesmen presented the idea of imperial expansion into a “Greater Britain” as the nations’s manifest destiny. The Conservative party, in office for twenty-three years in the period 1874-1905, adopted imperialism as its basic policy and the Liberal party also had its group of ardent imperialists. Strategy, competition for investment opportunities, particularly in Africa and China, were among the motives which impelled Britain to compete with other Powers for colonies.
The main period of acquisition occurred during the wars with France, 1793-1815. By 1815 the tiny, scattered possessions left to Britain after the successful revolt of the thirteen American colonies (1775-1783) had already been expanded into a fairy substantial empire. Expansion continued throughout the next hundred years and by 1920, when the process of growth ended in the acquisition of a number of former German and Turkish possessions, the British Empire represented the greatest imperial state in territory, population and resources in the history of mankind.
The Empire carried within itself the seeds of its own decline. Settlement colonies, that is colonies formed by the settlement of British emigrants, gained self-government during the nineteenth century and, by 1931, obtained full equality with Britain, transforming part of the Empire into the British Commonwealth. As this process extended to British dependencies after World War II it became clear that the Empire was gradually being transformed into a largely informal association called simply “The Commonwealth”. At first it was possible to interpret this development as constructive rather than destructive, as a source of power rather than weakness, particularly when the Dominions rallied to Britain's cause during World War II. By the 1960s, however, it became apparent that the growth of the Commonwealth represented a decline in British power.
Commentary:
Различные функции as: As – союз – так как, ибо. As I met the negotiations were going on successfully. когда, в то время как, по мере того как. As the system grows stronger, the situation changes in favour of progress. As – наречие – как. I did it as you told me. As в сочетании с прилагательным и наречием – также как, такой же как. as to/for – что касается; as if – если бы, как будто; as … as – такой же как; not so … as – не такой как.
by - пред. 1. 1) у, при, около, возле, рядом с (нахождение или действие вблизи чего-л.) a home by a lake — дом рядом с озером in Poets' Corner, where he has been buried by Chaucer and Cowley — в месте захоронения поэтов, где он был похоронен рядом с Чосером и Коули Syn: near , next to , close to , beside 2) о движении а) вдоль, по (параллельно какому-л. курсу; в сочетаниях by a way, path, road приобретает оттенок средства, способа) to move by the river side — идти вдоль реки The churches are within four miles of one another by the nearest road. — Церкви расположены в четырех милях друг от друга по ближайшей дороге. Syn: alongside , along б) сквозь, через, в to enter by the door — войти в дверь, войти через дверь It invaded France by way of Avignon. — Это хлынуло во Францию через Авиньон. в) к, по направлению, в направлении Come close by me, and tell me what is the matter. — Подойди ко мне и скажи в чем дело. Syn: toward г) мимо We drove by the church. — Мы проезжали мимо церкви. We went right by him. — Мы прошли мимо него. Syn: past 3) указывает на расстояние, пройденное или которое должно быть пройдено для достижения какой-л. точки No ship can come near them by four or five miles. — Никакой корабль не мог приблизиться к ним ближе, чем на четыре или пять миль. 4) на (указывает в качестве результата сравнения количество, длину, вес, протяженность и т. п., на которые отличаются сравниваемые объекты) taller by three inches — выше на три дюйма to win by a nose — опередить на голову (в скачках) 5) о времени а) в течение by day (night) — в течение дня (ночи) б) к, не позже чем (указывает предельный срок) I'll be done by five o'clock. — Я буду готов к пяти часам. by midwinter — к середине зимы by this, by now — к этому времени by that, by then — к тому времени by the time (that) — к тому времени (как/что) 6) в соответствии с, согласно, по (указывает на соответствие модели, правилам, стандартам и т. п.) They had timed their journey by the tides. — Они согласовали свою поездку со временем отлива. a bad movie by any standards — по любым меркам плохой фильм to act by the rules — действовать в соответствии с правилами to call smb. by name — звать кого-л. по имени Syn: in conformity with , according to 7) указывает в соответствии с какими единицами производится оценка, измерение а) указывает на неконкретизированную величину by wholesale — целиком, оптом by piecemeals, by retail — по частям б) в, на, по или передается тв. падежом (указывает на единицу измерения) by the yard — в ярдах, ярдами by the pound — в фунтах, фунтами Roses may be gathered by the basketful. — Розы могут собираться полными корзинами. 8) указывает на последовательность, следование друг за другом количественной группы, предметов и др. by one and one — один за другим by hundreds — сотня за сотней by inches — дюйм за дюймом The thick snow falls on her flake by flake. — Густой снег падал на нее снежинка за снежинкой. 9) на (при глаголах, обозначающих умножение и деление, а также при указании размеров чего-л.) to divide a by b — разделить a на b to multiply 10 by 4 — умножить 10 на 4 a room 15 feet by 20 feet — комната 15 на 20 футов 10) в отношении, по отношению, касательно (после глаголов действия do , act , deal ) He did right by his children. — В отношении детей он делал все правильно. neither side acting unfairly by the other — обе стороны действовали честно по отношению друг к другу 11) по (указывает на обстоятельство, предмет, лицо, свойство и т. д., при помощи которых характеризуется кто-л., что-л. или какой-л. признак) a lawyer by profession — юрист по профессии frenchmen by blood as well as by birth and estate — французы как по крови, так и по рождению и положению 12) а) через, посредством, от, по (указывает на способ, средство, инструмент, а также источник, причину) by force — силой She came by air. — Она прилетела. by train — поездом He at last died either by poison or madness. — Он наконец скончался из-за яда или сумасшествия. By his own account he was there. — По его собственным словам он был там. Syn: by means of , on , through , via б) указывает на главного деятеля, автора; передается тв. или род. падежом : a poem by Emily Dickinson — поэма, написанная Эмили Дикинсон в) указывает на орган, учреждение и т. п., рассматриваемый как главный деятель, автор : The booklet was issued by the government. — Проспект был выпущен правительством. г) употребляется во фразах, обозначающих согласие, договоренность, с последующим личным местоимением или именем собственным I'd like to go on if that's all right by you. — Я бы хотел продолжить, если с вашей стороны не будет возражений. okay by me — по моему мнению, все в порядке 13) указывает на сопутствующие обстоятельства, характер действия to walk by moonlight — гулять при свете луны We met by chance. — Мы встретились случайно. He began by banishing 700 families. — Он начал с того, что выгнал 700 семей. He finished by putting them all in the fire. — Он кончил тем, что бросил их все в огонь. 14) употребляется в формулах клятв, обещаний с глаголом swear ( см. swear by), а также с опущенным глаголом в эллиптических фразах : by God — клянусь Богом by our Lady — клянусь Богородицей by my life — клянусь своей жизнью within – пред. 1. 1) а) выражает отношения места в, внутри within the house — в доме within the city — в городе, в черте города б) в рамках организации и т. д. within a society — в обществе в) в душе, в мыслях и т. д. within oneself — в себе, в душе; в пределах своих возможностей 2) выражает временной предел а) не дальше чем, в пределах б) не позднее; в течение I was dressed within the ten minutes. — Я оделся за десять минут. 3) с точностью до (предел точности) 4) в пределах, в рамках within sight — в пределах видимости within hearing — в пределах слышимости within the law — в рамках закона The Commonwealth – an organization of about 50 countries that were one part of the British Empire and which are now connected politically and economically. |
Glossary
imperial expansion – the act or process of making a country larger;
predominance – the position in which you are more powerful;
manifest (adj.) – obvious;
(party) in office – a ruling party;
ardent – showing strong feelings;
to impel – to make;
acquisition – the act of getting land, power, money;
scattered – spread over a wide area;
substantial – large enough.
