- •Учебное пособие для магистрантов и аспирантов исторического факультета
- •Part I module I Text one
- •The End of the Middle Ages. A Century of Paradox
- •It is (was)... Who (that, when ...)
- •Text two
- •Text three
- •The Age Of “Compromise”
- •Text four
- •1. Read the text.
- •Commentary
- •Module II Text one
- •The Principle of Federalism
- •Answer the following question.
- •Give the examples of
- •Text two The Principle of National Interest
- •Read the text and translate it.
- •Characterize the American political system and compare it with the English one. Text three The British Tradition of Federalism: Framework of Analysis
- •Text four
- •Read the article. The Tongue Twisters
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Module III text one
- •The Twilight of British Imperialism
- •Text two
- •Read the text. Give the main points of the text in a few sentences. The Decline of the British Empire
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Text three
- •Read the text. Translate the following text into Russian. Compare your translation with the key. Britain Revealed
- •Text four
- •Write out the pronunciation of the following geographical names and practise them.
- •Write short essays on the following issues.
- •Module IV text one
- •Read and tell your classmates the gist of the text. History and Historiography
- •Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text.
- •Text two
- •Translate the text without a dictionary. Discuss the text. Make a summary of the text.
- •Summarize the text in a paragraph of about 200 words. Text three
- •Translate in writing the text.
- •Speak on one of the topics.
- •Text four
- •Translate in writing the text.
- •Write an essay of about 200 words or speak on any non-Western historiography. Text five
- •From Tax Audits to Poetry
- •Module V text one
- •Read the text and find important ideas. Civilization
- •Answer the following questions to check how well you have read the text:
- •You have a list of opinions and a list of philosophers. Match the opinion to the philosopher who held it.
- •Text two
- •Text three
- •What is Philosophy?
- •Text four
- •Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary. State
- •Answer the following questions to check how well you have read the text:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Module VI text one
- •Governmental Structures
- •Text two
- •Monarchy
- •Text three
- •Text four
- •Oligarchy
- •Text five
- •Democracy
- •Text six
- •Read the text. Constitutional Government
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
- •Text seven
- •Module VII text one
- •Terrorism
- •Text two
- •Text three
- •Hail Caesar
- •Text four
- •Great Britain minus Scotland?
- •Read the text and discuss the following questions in your group.
- •Answer the following questions.
- •Part II keys The British Tradition of Federalism: Framework of Analysis
- •Britain Revealed
- •The British Monarchy
- •Англия Без Шотландии?
- •References
- •Contents
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Южный федеральный университет»
Учебное пособие для магистрантов и аспирантов исторического факультета
Ростов-на-Дону
2011
Учебное пособие разработано коллективом авторов: кандидатом педагогических наук, старшим преподавателем А.С. Акоповой, кандидатом философских наук, доцентом А.С. Числовой.
Ответственный редактор канд. псих. наук О.С. Гришечко
Печатается в соответствии с решением кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов ЮФУ, протокол № 2 от 15 сентября 2010 г.
В учебном пособии в соответствии с государственным образовательным стандартом представлен учебный материал, направленный на развитие навыков перевода текстов по специальности и реферирования. Представлены тексты из научных журналов, монографий и других аутентичных источников.
Пособие предназначено для магистрантов и аспирантов гуманитарных факультетов университетов, а также может быть рекомендовано для студентов, интересующихся техникой перевода.
Part I module I Text one
Translate in writing the text into Russian. Pay attention to the meaning of the underlined words.
The End of the Middle Ages. A Century of Paradox
The XV-th century was an age of contrasts which are reflected in the contradictory views expressed about it by historians. To some it has appeared a period of general decline, of ruined towns and political chaos. Others have pointed to the real increase of prosperity of the mass of the people, to the growth of trade and industry and to the development of parliamentary institutions in the period from 1399 to 1450. The key to the proper understanding of the age is that both views are correct but neither complete: that while feudal relations and the feudal mode of production were decaying, bourgeois relations and the bourgeois mode of production were developing rapidly.
The decline of feudalism did not only affect the baronage and agriculture, it affected also the towns and the guild organization. The Black Death and the heavy taxation entailed by the Hundred Years’ War dealt a heavy blow at the chartered towns. An important exception to this decline was the continued progress of London and a few great ports like Bristol.
The heavy burden of taxation and the rigid guild restrictions in the chartered towns had the effect of driving industry outside them into the village and suburbs. The weaving industry in particular, growing rapidly at this time, developed outside the towns and outside the guild organization. An important part was played by one of the main technical innovations of the Middle Ages, the application of water power to fueling – an essential process whereby cloth was cleaned and thickened. Towards the end of the XIV-th century mills began to be met up in new centres higher in the valleys, where a better water force could be obtained. Gradually weavers were attracted to the areas where the mills were working. For all these reasons then, while many of the older towns were in a state of decay, new centres of production were springing up in villages, some of which in time became themselves towns.
Commentary
Различные функции слова it:
1. В качестве самостоятельного члена предложения it выступает:
1) в функции формального подлежащего безличного предложения типа It is winter. It rains. It is cold.
2) в функции знаменательного подлежащего: как личное местоимение со значением он, она, оно и как указательное местоимение со значением это.
В качестве вводного или предваряющего слова (anticipatory it) it выступает:
1) в функции формального подлежащего в предложении с логическим подлежащим, выраженным инфинитивом, герундием, инфинитивным или герундиальным комплексом и придаточным предложением со сказуемым типа
It is necessary / possible / wrong
It is supposed / believed / expected
It is likely
It seems
В этих случаях it не переводится.
Не said it was possible for an agreement to be reached. Он сказал, что достичь соглашения возможно.
2) в функции формального дополнения в тех случаях, когда за глаголом типа to make, to think, to consider, to find, to feel считать, to believe полагать и т. п. стоит сложное дополнение. Слово it следует непосредственно за глаголом. На русский язык не переводится.
Не felt it his duty to help the Government.
Он считал своей обязанностью помочь правительству.
Britain finds it difficult to make European commitments in an election year. Англия считает трудным брать на себя новые обязательства по общему рынку в год всеобщих выборов.
3) в эмоционально-усилительном обороте и эмфатических конструкциях.