6.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.

Positive Addition

And, both…and, not only…but, too, moreover, in addition to, furthermore, also, not to mention (the fact that), besides

This lawyer is clever and rich.

Negative addition

Neither…nor, nor, neither

Neither Actus nor Mens has been proved in the case.

Contrast

But, although, while, whereas, despite/in spite of, even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, unlike, contrary to, (and) yet

Although Britain is not the only monarchy in Europe, it is special in having an unwritten constitution.

Similarity

Similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally

Statutes enacted by Parliament form the basis of written law; similarly rules and regulations made by government ministers and departments are also statutory instruments.

Alternative

Or, on the other hand, alternatively, either…or

You can hire a lawyer to represent you in court, or you can act as your own lawyer.

Emphasis

Besides, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone, what is more

I’m afraid you are not qualified for the job of a juror; what is more, you are far too young.

Exemplification

As, such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, in particular

In Britain many constitutional provisions are simply traditions, in particular the Queen’s Royal Assent to any bill passed by Parliament.

Clarification

In other words, I mean, to put it another way, that is (to say)

The Court itself doesn’t have any powers of enforcement, that is to say its decisions are not binding on the member states.

Cause/Reason

As, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, due to, for, so, owing to

Interpol does not have power to arrest or investigate crimes because its function is to disseminate information about international criminals.

Condition

If, in case, assuming that, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event of, as/so long as, only if, even if

If no precedent can be found, then the judge makes a new decision based on existing legal principles.

Purpose

So that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, with a view

In order to be binding in law, an agreement must have an offer and an acceptance of the offer.

Effect/Result

Consequently, thus, therefore, so, for this reason

Nowadays, the emphasis in fighting terrorism has shifted from deterrence to prevention; therefore the most effective means of preventing terrorist activity is through detailed intelligence

Comparison

As…as, than, nothing like, the…the, twice as…as, less…than

In Common law countries statutes have become as important as precedents.

Time

When, whenever, as, while, before, until, till, after, since, once

When issuing a divorce the judge has to decide on division of property.

Place

Where, wherever

Park your car wherever you want to.

Exception

But (for), except (for), apart from

All, except for two members supported the decision.

Chronological

Beginning: first, at first, to start/begin with, at the beginning of

At the beginning of the article the author touches upon the problem …

Continuing: secondly, after this/that, second…, afterwards, then, next, before this

Then the author passes on to …

Concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually

Eventually the author comes to the conclusion …

Reference

Concerning, considering, regarding, with respect/regard/reference to

Considering all the evidence, we find the accused ‘not guilty’.

I’m writing with reference to your report at the conference

Summarizing

In conclusion, to sum up, as I have said, as it was previously stated, all in all, on the whole, in short, to put it briefly

To sum up, the government must spend more money on public services.