- •Часть 1
- •Часть 1
- •Preface (Предисловие)
- •Part one: conversational and grammar topics
- •1. 4Th year 7th term
- •1.1. Sources of modern law
- •1.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •1.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •1.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •1.2. Branches of law
- •1.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •1.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •1.3. Constitutional law
- •1.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •1.4. Grammar: System of Verb Tenses (Active and Passive Voice)
- •1.4.1 Look at the table to see how the forms of the verb predicate change in each tense group in the Active and Passive.
- •Simple, Continuous and Perfect Forms with Modal Verbs
- •1.4.2 Change the voice of the verbs in bold type.
- •1.4.3 Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the tense and voice forms of the verb predicate.
- •2. 4Th year 8 th term
- •2.1. Contract law
- •2.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.2. Property law
- •2.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.3. Company law
- •2.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.4. Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses. Direct and Reported Speech
- •Changing time expressions and other words
- •Reported and Indirect Questions
- •Reporting Commands and Requests
- •Using Say – Tell – Ask
- •2.4.1 Change the following from Direct into Reported Speech.
- •2.4.2 Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks where necessary.
- •3. 5Th year 9 th term
- •3.1. Criminal law
- •3.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.2. Tort law
- •3.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.3. Family law
- •3.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.4. Grammar: The Infinitive Forms of the Infinitive
- •The Infinitive without ‘to’
- •3.4.1 Turn the following Present Infinitives into their Continuous and Perfect forms.
- •3.4.2 Fill in the correct form of the infinitives in brackets.
- •The Infinitive Constructions
- •3.4.3 Identify the Infinitive construction and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •4. 5Th year 10 th term
- •4.1. International law
- •4.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •4.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.2. Formation, aims and enlargement of the european union
- •4.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •4.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.2.4 Copy the following table into your notebooks. Read the text again. While reading, fill in the events.
- •4.3. The principal institutions of the eu
- •4.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •4.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.4. Grammar: The Gerund Forms of the Gerund
- •4.4.1 Turn the following gerunds into their passive and perfect forms.
- •4.4.2 Complete the following sentences with the Gerunds from the table.
- •Constructions with the Gerund
- •4.4.3 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the constructions with the Gerund.
- •5. 6Th year 11th term
- •5.1. Human rights
- •5.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •5.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.2. Universal declaration of human rights
- •5.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •5.2.3 Match the following provisions of the udhr on the left to their Russian equivalents on the right.
- •5.2.4 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.3. The united nations organisation
- •5.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •5.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.4. The international court of justice
- •5.4.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.4.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •5.4.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.5. Grammar: The Participle Forms of the Participle
- •5.5.1 Turn the following Infinitives into Participles.
- •5.5.2. Translate the following world combinations into Russian.
- •5.5.3 In the following sentences identify the Participles and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Constructions with the Participle
- •5.5.4 Identify the Participial constructions and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •6. 6Th year 12th term
- •6.1. Terrorism
- •6.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.2. Interpol
- •6.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.3. Globalization
- •6.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.4. Grammar: Linking Words
- •6.4.2 Join the following sentences using the linking words in brackets. Make as many sentences as there are linking words.
- •Bibliography
- •Содержание
- •Часть 1
4.4.3 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the constructions with the Gerund.
1) They objected to the talks being held without all the parties represented.
2) The European Union’s providing a great deal of work for lawyers is quite natural.
3) All the former socialist countries of East Europe are alike in their having poorly developed infrastructure.
4) An English lawyer’s working as French “counseil juridique” in France is not allowed.
5) I hate him always trying to go around the law.
6) The Commission being responsible will ensure that member states uphold EC law.
7) It is worth while their having a functioning market economy competitive within the EU.
8) The case was won due to him being an expert in private international law.
9) We don’t mind your taking part in the discussion.
10) There is high probability of them being invited to the congress as special guests.
5. 6Th year 11th term
5.1. Human rights
5.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
human rights – права человека
to transcend – переступать (границы, пределы)
to inflict – причинять (страдания)
infliction - причинение
torture – пытка
refugee – беженец
to abolish – отменять
abolition – отмена
Amnesty International – Международная организация по амнистии
United Nations Organization (UNO) – Организация Объединенных Наций
International humanitarian law – международное гуманитарное право
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – Всеобщая Декларация Прав Человека
Covenant (also treaty, convention) – международное соглашение (договор)
provision – положение; условие (договора, закона и т.п.)
International Bill of Rights – Международный Билль о Правах
5.1.2 Read and translate the text.
Most of the law in the world is made by individual governments for their own people. But human rights transcend political divisions. They are basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all - the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; the right to liberty and security of person and freedom of association with others; the right to peaceful assembly and freedom of expression; the right to vote; the right to sue in court and have a fair trial, etc. These basic moral standards should not depend on where a person lives.
One of the forms of human rights violations is torture – deliberate and systematic infliction of physical and mental suffering. A very large area of human rights violations is concerned with refugees. Another hotly debated issue of human rights violations is capital punishment which deprives human beings of the most inherent right – the right to life. Several international organizations have made the abolition of the death penalty a requirement of membership (e.g. the European Union and the Council of Europe). As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, with the sole exception of Belarus, which is not a member of the Council of Europe.
When the laws of the country violate human rights, groups like Amnesty International protest the government on moral and legal grounds. Another organization active in protection of human rights is the United Nations Organization (UNO). One of the fundamental principles of the UNO is respect for human rights at all times and in all places. To prevent armed conflict and to preserve humanity in time of war are the purposes of international humanitarian law. The aims of the international humanitarian law are: to protect persons who are not engaged in military actions – the wounded, prisoners of war and civilians; and to limit the effects of violence in fighting. There are today clear limits on the types of action that will be tolerated in armed conflict.
Most countries of the world have signed international agreements on human rights. The most comprehensive of such agreements is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. It was proclaimed “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations”. The UDHR states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and that the rights do not depend on race, color, sex, language, religion or any other difference among people.
The two International Covenants – one on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the other on Political Rights, were adopted in 1966 and made the provisions of the Universal Declaration legally binding.
The Universal Declaration, together with the two International Covenants forms the International Bill of Rights.
But despite the development of legally binding national and international conventions and organizations protecting human rights, millions of people in the world still do not enjoy human rights. Treaties and conventions cannot save lives, or protect the property of innocent people unless the will exists to apply these agreements in all conditions, unless everyone realizes that the basic issue is – respecting human rights.