- •Часть 1
- •Часть 1
- •Preface (Предисловие)
- •Part one: conversational and grammar topics
- •1. 4Th year 7th term
- •1.1. Sources of modern law
- •1.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •1.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •1.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •1.2. Branches of law
- •1.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •1.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •1.3. Constitutional law
- •1.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •1.4. Grammar: System of Verb Tenses (Active and Passive Voice)
- •1.4.1 Look at the table to see how the forms of the verb predicate change in each tense group in the Active and Passive.
- •Simple, Continuous and Perfect Forms with Modal Verbs
- •1.4.2 Change the voice of the verbs in bold type.
- •1.4.3 Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the tense and voice forms of the verb predicate.
- •2. 4Th year 8 th term
- •2.1. Contract law
- •2.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.2. Property law
- •2.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.3. Company law
- •2.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •2.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •2.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •2.4. Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses. Direct and Reported Speech
- •Changing time expressions and other words
- •Reported and Indirect Questions
- •Reporting Commands and Requests
- •Using Say – Tell – Ask
- •2.4.1 Change the following from Direct into Reported Speech.
- •2.4.2 Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks where necessary.
- •3. 5Th year 9 th term
- •3.1. Criminal law
- •3.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.2. Tort law
- •3.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.3. Family law
- •3.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •3.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •3.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •3.4. Grammar: The Infinitive Forms of the Infinitive
- •The Infinitive without ‘to’
- •3.4.1 Turn the following Present Infinitives into their Continuous and Perfect forms.
- •3.4.2 Fill in the correct form of the infinitives in brackets.
- •The Infinitive Constructions
- •3.4.3 Identify the Infinitive construction and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •4. 5Th year 10 th term
- •4.1. International law
- •4.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •4.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.2. Formation, aims and enlargement of the european union
- •4.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •4.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.2.4 Copy the following table into your notebooks. Read the text again. While reading, fill in the events.
- •4.3. The principal institutions of the eu
- •4.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •4.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •4.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •4.4. Grammar: The Gerund Forms of the Gerund
- •4.4.1 Turn the following gerunds into their passive and perfect forms.
- •4.4.2 Complete the following sentences with the Gerunds from the table.
- •Constructions with the Gerund
- •4.4.3 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the constructions with the Gerund.
- •5. 6Th year 11th term
- •5.1. Human rights
- •5.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •5.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.2. Universal declaration of human rights
- •5.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •5.2.3 Match the following provisions of the udhr on the left to their Russian equivalents on the right.
- •5.2.4 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.3. The united nations organisation
- •5.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •5.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.4. The international court of justice
- •5.4.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •5.4.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
- •5.4.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •5.5. Grammar: The Participle Forms of the Participle
- •5.5.1 Turn the following Infinitives into Participles.
- •5.5.2. Translate the following world combinations into Russian.
- •5.5.3 In the following sentences identify the Participles and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Constructions with the Participle
- •5.5.4 Identify the Participial constructions and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •6. 6Th year 12th term
- •6.1. Terrorism
- •6.1.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.1.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.1.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.2. Interpol
- •6.2.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.2.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.3. Globalization
- •6.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
- •6.3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •6.3.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •6.4. Grammar: Linking Words
- •6.4.2 Join the following sentences using the linking words in brackets. Make as many sentences as there are linking words.
- •Bibliography
- •Содержание
- •Часть 1
4.2.3 Read the text again to answer the following questions.
1) How many member states are there in the European Union?
2) What were the original members?
3) How was the European Community formed?
4) What were the aims of ECSC, EEC, Euratom?
5) How many enlargements of the EU have there been so far?
6) What countries joined the EC in 1973, 1981, 1986?
7) What was the aim of the Single European Act?
8) What Treaty transformed the European Community into the European Union? What were the aims of the Treaty?
9) When did the Neutral enlargement take place?
10) What is the importance of the Treaty of Amsterdam?
11) What political, economic and legal requirements must a country meet to join the EU?
12) When did the first (second) Eastern enlargement take place? What countries were accepted?
13) What problems has the Eastern enlargement brought with it?
4.2.4 Copy the following table into your notebooks. Read the text again. While reading, fill in the events.
When? |
What happened? |
1951 1957 1967 1973 1981 1986 1992 1993 1994 1999 2004 2006 |
|
4.3. The principal institutions of the eu
4.3.1 Study these words before reading the text.
institution – учреждение, организация, орган
European Commission – Европейская Комиссия
Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers) – Совет Европейского Союза (Совет Министров)
European Parliament – Европейский Парламент
European Council – Европейский Совет
European Court of Justice (ECJ) – Европейский Суд Справедливости
Court of First Instance – Суд Первой Инстанции
European Court of Auditors – Аудиторский Суд
European Investment Bank – Европейский Инвестиционный Банк
Committee of Regions – Региональная Комиссия
Ombudsman – Омбудсмен
European Central Bank – Европейский Центральный Банк
to enhance – увеличивать, усиливать
guardian – зд. блюститель
summit – встреча на высшем уровне
supervision – надзор
good practice – законные действия
malpractice – противозаконные действия
4.3.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian using a dictionary.
The European Union (EU) was founded to enhance political, economic and social cooperation in Europe. Its institutions are an expression of the will to create a ‘closer union of the peoples of Europe’ based on the following share of political responsibilities: the European Commission proposes, the European Parliament advises, the Council of the European Union decides, and the Court of Justice rules.
The Commission consists of members (Commissioners) appointed by the member states for 5 years. They must be nationals of a member state (there are two members from the largest states –France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK – and one from the rest). However, they do not represent their own countries: they are independent, and represent the interests of the EU overall.
The Commission has three distinct functions:
– initiator of proposals for legislation;
– guardian of the Treaties;
– executor of Union policies.
The Council of the European Union, also known as the Council of Ministers represents the interests of individual member states. It does not have a permanent membership – in each meeting, the members are chosen according to the subject under discussion (for example, if a discussion is on farming the Minister of Agriculture of each country will attend).
(The Council of the European Union should not be confused with the European Council which is formed by Heads of State or Government who meet twice a year in the form of summit meetings to discuss important Union matters.)
The European Parliament is composed of members (MEPs) who are elected in their own countries to five-year terms. The individual member countries are represented according to population.
The most important powers of the European Parliament are:
– legislative power;
– power over the budget;
– supervision over the executive.
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is composed of 27 judges and 9 advocates general.
The Court decides cases brought by the member states, by the Union institutions and by individuals and companies. It guarantees uniform interpretation of the Union law.
In 1989 a Court of First Instance was attached to the Court of Justice to improve the judicial protection of individual interests. The Court of First Instance now deals with all cases of individuals and companies against the Union institutions. Its decisions may be appealed to the Court of Justice.
As the European Union has enlarged, the institutions have grown larger and more numerous. The European Court of Auditors plays an important role of financial control; the European Investment Bank is a major source of finance for economic development; the Committee of Regions represents the regional interests in the Union; the Ombudsman deals with ensuring good practice in the administration of the Community institutions; and the European Central Bank has the main aim of price stability.