The abbreviations. The use of Conjunction. Multifunctional words Perfect tenses. Computers in our Life.
*Task 1.The most frequent used abbreviation .
I. ABC- American Broadcasting Company NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
A.C.-after Christ V.I.P. very important person
a. f.-as follows UNESCO-United Nations Educational
A.D.- Anno Domini (lat.) Scientific and Cultural Organization
a.m.-ante meridiem v.v.-vice verse
Aus.- Australia NASA-National Aeronautics and Space
B.E.-Bank of England Administration
Br.-British E-east
FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigation W-west
GA-General Assembly Ltd
BC before Christ Xmas
AA automatic answer mp melting point
PC – personal computer
II. Sub-submarine
Chute- parachute
Phone-telephone
*Task Define the full name of the following abbreviations and translate
them into Ukrainian.
Maser, d.c, Laser, yd., in., Radar, ft., hr., WC, NATO, UA, USA, UNICEF.
*Task Find the accordance to the following abbreviations and translate into Ukrainian.
1. etc.; 2. Ltd.; 3. PS; 4. Vs; 5. WC; 6. IM.S.E and W; 7. RIP; 8. Tel.
a) before a phone number; b) on a toilet door; c) at the foot of the letter; d) on a gravestone; e) after a name of a company: f) on a compass; g) at the end of an unfinished list; h) between the names of opponents or
teams.
*Task Give the full name of the following abbreviations: RAM, ROM, max, °C, °F, LB, P, log, hr.
Переклад науково-технічної літератури залежить від правильного розуміння лексико-граматичних одиниць типу
in addition to — крім того, на додаток до.
Особливість їх полягає в тому, що вони є частиною речення і впливають на граматичні зв'язки. Це — сполучники і прийменники.
Лексико-граматичні одиниці можна умовно поділити на такі смислові групи:
1) сполучення і логічна послідовність ідей (and, also, apart from, besides, furthermore, in addition to, moreover, simultaneously, thus, too);
2) парафраз і накладання (as if, in the same way, in like manner, like, similarly);
3) причинність (accordingly, as, because, consequently, hence, once, since, therefore, as long as, owing to);
4) контраст і зіставлення (alternatively, although, but, if, however, nevertheless, otherwise, in spite of, on the other hand);
5) обмеження (except, impossible, occasionally, only, unless, if, when);
6) припущення (conclude, confirm, consider, reduce, imagine, suppose, in principle, it follows);
7) питання (how big?, how long?, what?, when?)
. The conjunction
1. and, but, if, that
as well, so that, in order that
not only…but also, whether…or
2
.
at
first, first of all, in the beginning, to begin with in
addition
second, secondly moreover, furthermore
next, further, then besides, likewise, similarly
finally, lastly, at last
however, still, yet, nevertheless
on the contrary, in (by) contrast, conversely, alternately
otherwise, rather
on the one hand, on the other hand
Multifunctional words:
“It” a) personal pronoun: I started translating it at once
b) formal subject: It is well known that supply and demand are the basic concepts of economy.
c) formal object: Computers made it possible to receive all information we want.
“One”
One day, one should know, that one
“That”: that situation, they know that…, metal that melts at…
“For” : …for it seems to be interesting, for 3 minutes, for small engines, for…to
“But” : not a compound but a mixture; He is but a child .Nobody but you;
“After” : after some minutes, after they carried experiment; He invented the engine that a lot of people
used after.
“Before”: Think before talk. Before and after the transformation; Nobody used it before.
“Since” : since the electric circuit was broken; since they met…, since last year
“As” : as the most convenient one, as he wanted…
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|
Active |
Passive |
|
Present |
have(has)+Ved (III) He has solved the problem. |
have(has) been + Ved (III) The problem has been solved. |
|
Past |
had+Ved (III) He had solved the problem before we came. |
had been + Ved (III) He said that the problem had been solved. |
|
Future |
will have Ved (III) He will have solved the problem by tomorrow. |
will have been + Ved (III) The problem will have been solved by tomorrow |
The use of Perfect Tenses
**Task V. Define the verb tenses and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1.The first computers appeared some 60 years ago. 2.A number of complicated tasks have been solved with the help of computers. 3. The principle of work of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. 4.He has developed a new theory in Physics. 5. He announced that he had developed a new theory in Physics. 5. They will have used new equipment by the end of the year. 6. The new appliances have been already assembled in our laboratory. 7. The workers were glad as the new appliances had been assembled in their lab. 8.The new appliances will have been assembled by December.9. This branch of science is quickly developing now. 10. They informed that some space systems are being guided successfully..
*Task VI. Find the matches. Use the word-combinations to make up questions.
1. Наука і техніка a) addition and subtraction
2. зовсім нова галузь науки b) digital form
3. можна вирішити c) the volume of calculations
4. виняткова важливість d) to yield results
5. об’єм обчислень e) science and technology
6. виконувати складні завдання d) a completely new branch of science
8. обчислення електричних імпульсів e) multiplication and division
9. додавання, віднімання f) computing equipment
10. множення, ділення g) exceptional possibility
11. обчислювальне обладнання h) a network of centres
12. цифрова форма i) can be solved
13. давати результати j) to carry out complex tasks
14. мережа центрів k) the calculation of electric impulses
*Task III. Make up sentences:
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Computer
|
was
|
a machine which performs sequence of operations. a universal information processing machine. the most amazing achievement, is now widely used in many fields. a million times faster than humans. used in chemical plants, power stations. a data storage system created by man. built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken. constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950. |
*8Task IV. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words:
1. The store ... a numerical quantities and data which are to be processed, (contains, concludes, consists of) 2. The arithmetic unit normally ... the operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and certain other special operations, (performs, carries out, carry) 3. The input and output devices are to supply information and to ... it from the computer, (obtain, receive, get) 4. Computers are a million times ... than humans in performing computing operation, (faster, quicker, rapid) 5. The number of electronic computers used in any given field of human activity is sometimes believed to ... the degree of its modernity, (indicate, show, testify)
**Task V. Read, translate and retell the text: