The Use of Grammar Tenses

flowchart – блок-схема, logic flow – логічна послідовність, module – модуль, одиниця виміру, to handle – регулювати, здійснювати, self-contained – автономний.

*Task II. Read the word-combinations and translate into Ukrainian:

Flowchart; logical flow; complex programs; engineering education; specific task;

input module; waste-disposal module; programming stages; “top-down” structure;

modular design; a great many branches; a great many steps; planning and programming stages

*Task III. Match the word-combinations in English and Ukrainian:

1) To become more complex. а) створити модуль.

2) Very hard to check the flowchart. б) розбити складну програму на частки.

3) To make up a module. в) зробити програмування більш ефективним.

4) To break a complex program into parts. г) перевірити блок-схему дуже важко.

5) To make programming more efficient. д) позбавлятися непотрібної інформації.

6) To get rid of garbage. е) ставати більш складним.

Task IV.Translate the sentences, paying attention to the use of Passive Voice.

1. The word module is used in the space program to refer to a part of spaceship that performs a specific task.

2. In a computer program a specific programming task is performed by a self-contained part of the program which is called module.

3. A program that is divided into modules in the planning and programming stages has a modular design.

4. A modular program is said to have a top-down structure because when you plan it, you start at the “top” with the most general module and work your way “down” to include all the modules that make up that module.

5. A complex program is broken into parts to make programming more efficient and easier.

**Task V .Define the verb Tenses.

1. I know, you write your own programs.

2. He usually plans the logical flow of his programs.

3. We wrote a new interesting program.

4. They have just written a flowchart.

5. I am writing a new program the whole evening.

6. You have been writing flowcharts for two month.

**Task VI. Read and translate the text.

Program Structure

You've been writing flowcharts before you write your programs. This helps ensure that you get all the steps into your program and get them in the right order. Remember that in writing a flow­chart you plan the logical flow of your program. Once the flowchart is written, you can translate it into a program by writing one or more statements for each step in the flowchart.

However, when you begin to plan more complex programs, you'll find that the flowcharts also become more complex. When you have a great many steps and a great many branches, you simply can't find a place for all of them on the flowchart. This makes it very hard to check the flowchart you've written to be sure that you haven't left anything out. To handle more complex programs, you need another way of planning them.

Modular Design

In engineering, education, programming, and other fields, a module is a self-contained unit that performs one specific task, which is needed to accomplish a larger task. For example, the word module is used in the space program to refer to a part of a spaceship that performs a specific task.

In a computer program, a module is a self-contained part of the program that performs a specific programming task. For example, a program might have an input module and a print module. A program that is divided into modules in the planning and programming stages has a modular design.

A modular program is said to have a top-down structure because when you plan it, you start at the "top" with the most general module and work your way "down" to include all the modules that make up that module. This allows you to break a complex program into parts to make programming more efficient and easier.

*Task VII. Say these words-combinations in English:

Планувати більш складні програми, у правильному порядку, писати блок-схему, логічна послідовність програми, у багатьох галузях, автономний пристрій, перевірити блок-схему, модуль вводу, виконувати завдання, структура з верху до низу, розбивати складну програму на частини, робити програмування більш ефективним.

**Task VIII. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What are flowcharts written for?

2. Why is it very hard to check the flowchart in complex programs?

3. What is a module in engineering, programming and other branches?

4. What does a module mean in a computer program?

5. Which kind of program has a modular design?

6. What is the structure of a modular program?

**Task IX. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Modal Verbs with the Perfect Infinitive.

1This program ought to have created two years ago.

2. His attempts to change the flowchart of the program may not always have been successful.

3. Our network should have suffered from viruses.

4 . A generation ago it may have seemed impossible to communicate over net.

5. We must have been planned the logic flow of our program more carefully.

6. Something must have happened to our computer; it is out of repair.

7. Absolute accuracy cannot be expected with this kind of equipment you should computer program

8. You should have checked the program more carefully considering its importance.

9. The new device must have been broken by acci­dent.

10- The program may have been improved, because it became more accurate.

Unit IV.

Forms of Infinitive

Word processing features

Operating systems and the GUI.

**Types of software; the operating system (OS)

1 System software controls the basic functions of a computer, e.g. operating systems, programming software and utility programs.

2 Application software lets you do specific jobs such as writing letters, doing calculations, drawing or playing games. Examples are a word processor or a graphics package.

An operating system is a set of programs that control the hardware and allow people and applications to communicate with the hardware. Typical functions of the OS are handling input/output operations, running programs and organizing files on disks. The OS also gives access to networks and allows multitasking: a user can run several programs (and do various tasks) at a rime. Examples are:

the Windows family - designed bv Microsoft and used on most PCs

Mac OS - created by Apple and used on Macintosh computers

Unix - found on mainframes and workstations in corporate installations, as it supports multi-users

Linux - developed under the CNU Ceneral Public License; anyone can copy its source code modify and redistribute it. It is used on PCs and in appliances anil small devices.

The Graphical User Interface

A GUl makes use of a WIMP environment: Windows. Icons, Menus and Pointer. This type of interface is user-friendly, where system functions are accessed by selecting self-explanatory icons (pictures representing programs or documents) and items from menus. A drop-down menu, or pull-down menu, is a list of options that appear below a menu bar when you click oil an item.

The pointer is the arrow, controlled by the mouse, which lets you choose options from menus.

The background screen that displays icons, representing programs, files and folders (directories) is called the desktop. Double-clicking a folder icon opens a window which shows the programs, documents and other folders contained within the folder.

System utilities

These are small programs included with an OS that improve a system's performance. They can desk accessories, device drivers, or system extensions activated when you turn on the PC.

A crashed disk rescuer is used to restore disks and corrupted files.

An accessibility program makes a PC easier for disabled users to use.

A compression utility rewrites data so that it takes less space on disk.

A media player lets yon watch DVDs, nlav music and listen to the radio on the Web.

*Read A and B opposite and find the following.

the difference between system software and application software

software that enables users and programs to communicate with hardware

the meaning of ‘multitasking’

a multi-user OS used on large, powerful computer systems

the operating system that is freely distributed

the operating system designed by Apple

the OS created by Microsoft

the meaning of WIMP in a graphical user interface (GUI)

the expression used to describe a system that is easy to use

*Look at B opposite and then identify these interface elements.

Desktop Pointer Document icon

Window Folder

Drop-down menu Program icon

** Look at C opposite. Which utility would you use to do these tasks?

1 to play and organize multimedia on your PC

2 to diagnose and repair damaged disks

3 to help computer users with sight, hearing or mobility difficulties

4 to make files smaller, so you can send them with emails