Vocabulary

body of water водоймище

sewerage hazardous		каналiзащя шкiдливий
dump		звалище, викидати
leak fertilizer		пропускати, давати течу добриво
sewage nutrient		стiчнi води поживна речовина
algae (sing.аlga) minnow		морськi водорості мiлька
detergent		миючий зaciб
upset thermal		порушувати термiчний, тепловий
offshore well		у вiдкритому мopi свердловина
spill		потiк, розлив

Reading. Read the text and say why water pollution is so harmful for environment on our planet.

Water pollution reduces the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing. The pollutants that affect water come mainly from industries, farms, and sewerage systems.

Industries dump huge amounts of wastes into bodies of water each year. These wastes include chemicals, wastes from animal and plant matter, and hundreds of other substances. Some of the wastes may be hazardous (harmful to human health). Industries dispose of much hazardous waste in dump sites on land. But improperly managed sites may leak the wastes into underground water supplies that people use.

Wastes from farms include animal wastes, fertilizers, and pesticides. Most of these materials drain off farm fields and into nearby bodies of water.

Sewerage systems carry wastes from homes, offices, and industries into water. Nearly all cities have waste treatment plants that remove some of the most harmful wastes from sewage. But even most of the treated sewage contains material that harms water.

Natural cycles work to absorb small amounts of wastes in bodies of water. During a cycle, wastes are turned into useful, or at least harmless, substances. Bacteria called aerobic bacteria use oxygen to decay natural wastes such as dead fish and break them down into chemicals, including nitrates, phosphates, and carbon dioxide. These chemicals, called nutrients, are used as food by algae (simple organisms) and green plants in the water. The algae serve as food for microscopic animals called zooplanklon. Small fish, such as minnows, eat the zooplankton. The small fish, in turn, are eaten by larger fish, which eventually die and are broken down by bacteria. The cycle then begins again.

The same natural cycles work on wastes poured into water by people. Bacteria break down chemicals and other wastes and turn them into nutrients, or else into substances that will not harm fish or sea plants."However if too much waste matter is poured into the water, the whole cycle will begin to break down, and the water becomes dirtier and dirtier. The bacteria that work to decay the wastes use up too much oxygen during the decaying process. As a result, less oxygen is available for the animals and plants that live in the water. Animals and plants then die, adding even more wastes to the water. Finally, the water's entire oxygen supply is used up.

Another major pollutant is fuel oil, which enters oceans mainly from oil tankers and offshore oil wells. Such spills ruin beaches and kill birds and marine life.

Exercise 1. Label the scheme with the words from the list.

homes, animals, matter wastes, industries, pesticides,

farms, offices, plant matter wastes, water,

sewerage systems, chemicals, fertilizers, water pollution

Exercise 2. Write the missing words in Singular or Plural.

Singular	Plural
Industry	………..
…………..	processes
necessity	…………
………….	bacteria
supply	…………
………….	algae
fish	………….
………….	minnows
beach	………….
………….	activities
zooplankton	…………..

Exercise 3. Match nouns on the left with their definitions on the light.

	A		В
1	Algae	a	bacteria breaking down dead fish into chemicals
2 3	Zooplankton Minnow	b с	a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grow in or near a river
			chemicals including nitrates, phosphates and carbon dioxide
4	Nutrient-	d	microscopic animals
5	Aerobic bacteria	e	a very small fish that lives in rivers or lakes.

Exercise 4. Complete the chart with the missing verb-forms.

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle
call ……	…….	…….
	used …….	……..
……..		broken ………
make ……	…….
	did …….	……..
……		taken ……..
break ……	…….
	built ……	…….
…....		been ……. …….
burn …….	……
	put

Exercise 5. Change the following sentences: Active to Passive, Passive to Active

Active	Passive
They call these bacteria aerobic bacteria	These bacteria ...
Algae use nutrients	Nutrients ...
Minnows...	Zooplankton are eaten by minnows
Aerobic bacteria break down large fish	Large fish ...
Zooplankton use algae	Algae...

Exercise 6. Using this diagram complete as many sentences as you can.

Dead fish	are used as a food		zooplankton
Nutrients			minnows
Algae	are broken down	by	large fish
Zooplankton			aerobic bacteria
Minnows	are eaten		algae
Larger fish

Exercise 7. Check facts and ideas. Decide if these statements are true or false.

1. Water pollution increases the amount of pure, fresh water.

2. Chemicals, wastes from animal and plant matter, fertilizers, pesticides and hundreds of other substances may be hazardous for the environment of our planet.

3. Sewerage systems carry wastes from homes, industries into (he dump sites on land.

4. Natural cycles work to absorb great amounts of wastes in bodies of water.

5. Bacteria decay wastes and break them down into nutrients.

Exercise 8. Here are the answers to some questions about the text. Write the questions.

a. The amount of pure fresh water.

b. Animal wastes, fertilizers and pesticides.

c. It absorbs small amounts of wastes in bodies of water.

d. They carry wastes from homes, offices and industries into water.

e. They break down chemicals and other wastes and turn them into nutrients.

Exercise 9. Put the questions in the correct order and use the answers to get summary of the text.

1. How does fuel oil affect water?

2. How do natural cycles work to absorb small amounts of wastes in water?

3. Why is water pollution so harmful for different people's necessities and activities?

4. Which wastes do industries and farms produce?

5. What happens if too much waste matter is poured into water?

Exercise 10. Find the Past Participles of the verbs. What is the mystery word?

sleep
make
lose
stand
speak
take
burn
write
say
come
build
keep
tell
be
see

Lesson 5 CAUSES OF POLLUTION