- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
I.11 Allophonic signs
The symbolization of an utterance analyzed in terms of a linear sequence of sounds, will naturally differ according to whether the aim is to indicate detailed sound values – an allophonic (or ‘narrow’) transcription – or the sequence of significant functional elements – a phonemic (or ‘broad’) transcription.
SIGN |
MARKING |
AS IN |
|
v |
a short duration of a sound |
sit [ ĭ ] |
|
_ |
a long duration of a sound |
leg[ ē ] |
|
~ |
velarization of a consonant |
dill[ ł ] |
|
<w |
a smaller weakness of a consonant |
doom [ < ] |
|
>w |
a larger weakness of a consonant |
mood[ >w ] |
|
→ |
a stronger and longer constrictive |
miss[ →] |
|
← |
a less strong constrictive |
seem[←ί ] |
|
o |
labialization of a consonant |
sweet[ оί ] |
|
□ |
devoicing of a sonant |
clear[ □ ] |
|
× |
suppressing a consonant |
act[ × ] |
|
ω |
dental articulation of a consonant |
month[ ώ ] |
|
1,2,3,4 |
degrees of aspiration of pure plosives |
key[1ί],top[2 ] |
|
β |
a bilabial cluster |
comfort [' β ] |
|
↑ |
a more open vowel |
well [ ↑ ] |
|
’ |
the absence of a dark /l/ character |
will you[ '’ ] |
|
|
-shaped variant of / |
better ['bet^ |
|
ы |
ы-shaped variant of / |
suppose[sы' |
|
1f |
One-flapped oral sonant |
three[ 1fί ] |
|
♪ |
a voiced character of /h/ |
behead[ '♪ ] |
|
II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ī ] [ ĭ ]
kid lick pin
It is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to center than to front, raised just above the half-close position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax, with the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars.
Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ d< ] [ d> ] [ dω ] [ do ]
dill lid width dwell
Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ t1 ] [ t2 ] [ t× ] [ t ω] [ to ]
tea lit steal at the twins
sit down
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off. The primary obstacle to the airstream is formed by the closure made between the tip and rims of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth. Lung air is compressed behind this closure. The vocal folds are wide apart for /t/, but vibrate for all or part of the compression stage for /d/ according to its situation in the utterance. The lip position is conditioned by that of the adjacent sounds.