- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
First we should clarify the difference between classification and description: in describing sounds we try to set down as many as possible of the features which are present in them, and seem to contribute substantially to the sound in question.
The following might, for example, be a description, in articulatory terms, of the / / in "do": the lips are somewhat rounded (ready for the following vowel); the teeth are close together, the soft palate is raised; the tongue-tip is firmly in contact with the alveolar ridge; air under pressure from the lungs is compressed within the completely stopped mouth cavity and pharynx, the tongue tip then lowers suddenly allowing the compressed air to escape with a slight explosion. We can go on adding detail after detail to the description above, for example, just how far apart are the teeth? Or what is the shape of the pharynx? And so on. In classifying sounds, as in classifying items in any other group, all we need to do is to mention those features by which they differ. Every consonant can be classified according to a certain number of distinctive features.
L.V.Scherba worked out a definite set of features which can be laid to the basis of consonant classification. They are: according to the active organ of speech, for example: / / is glottal; according to the manner of articulation, for example: / / is occlusive and / / is constrictive; according to the presence/absence of voice (though the correlation fortis/lenis is more relevant in English (see page 6), for example: // is strong and // is weak; and noise/tone conformity as in / / which is noise, in comparison with a sonant / /. You can see the distribution of English consonants in the table below (Figure 9).
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ACTIVE ORGAN
MANNER OF PRODUCTION
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LABIAL |
LINGUAL |
GLOTTAL |
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BILABIAL |
LABIA-DENTAL |
FORELINGUAL |
MEDIA-LINGUAL |
BACK-LINGUAL |
PHARYNGAL |
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DENTAL |
ALVEOLAR |
POST-ALVEOLAR |
PALATO-ALVEOLAR |
CACUMINAL |
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OCCLUSIVE |
NOISE |
PURE |
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, |
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, |
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AFFRICATE |
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, |
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SONANTS NASAL |
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CONSTRICTIVE |
NOISE |
ROUND |
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, |
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h |
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FLAT |
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, |
, |
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, |
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SONANTS ORAL |
MEDIAN |
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LATERAL |
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