- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
tide tight
The glide of RP / / begins at a point slightly behind the front open position and moves in the direction of the position associated with RP / /, although the tongue is not usually raised to a level closer than[ ]; the glide is much more extensive than that of / /, the closing movement of the lower jaw being obvious.
-
time
kite
inside
kite
apply
night
eyes - ice
fried - fright
hide - height
rise - rice
July
crime
appetite
sign
climate
pride
side - sight
bride - bright
bide - bite
prize - price
DRILL 59
Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
bow bowk
The glide of RP / / begins at a point between the back and front open positions, slightly more fronted than the position for RP //, and moves in the direction of RP / /, though the tongue may be raised higher than the half-close level. The glide is much more extensive than that used for / / and is symmetrically opposed to the front glide of / /. The lips change from a neutrally open to a weakly rounded position.
-
cloud
rouse
sound
pound
fowl
loud – umlaut
bow – bowk
owl – out
ouch
town
stout
allow
shout
ground – rout
rows – roustabout
astound – ounce
DRILL 60
Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
mode mote
The glide of RP / / begins at a central position, between half-closed and half-open, and moves in the direction of RP //, there being a slight closing movement of the lower jaw; the lips are neutral for the first element, but have a tendency to round on the second element. The starting point may have a tongue position similar to that described for / /.
-
moan
scope
motive
social
blow
smoke
bone
over
road - wrote
bode - boat
bold - bolt
pose - post
mode - mote
appro - approach
so - soap
loaves – loaf
DRILL 61
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
rod – road
rob – robe
nod - node
doll – dole
hop - hope
not - note
sock - soak
nob - noble
DRILL 62
Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
fuel fluent
RP / / glides from a tongue position similar to that used for / / towards the more open type of / / which forms the end-point of all three centring diphthongs with a somewhat closer variety of [ ] when the diphthong occurs in a closed syllable. The lips are weakly rounded at the beginning of the glide, becoming neutrally spread as the glide progresses.
-
moor
fuel
cure
tourist
February
January
assure
secure
pleura
contour
the Urals
Europe
cruel - cruelty
tour - tourist
poor – poor-rate
sure – assurance
DRILL 63