- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
/ /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ ] [ ^ ] [ ы ]
alas letter commit
This vowel has a very high frequency of occurrence in unaccented syllables. Its quality is that of a central vowel with neutral lip position, having in non-final positions a tongue-raising between half-open and half-close, e.g. in alone, a dog, , etc.
/ / in the first unaccented syllable of a word beginning with a consonant, e.g. in fatigue, support, acoustically resembles Russian unaccented vowel / ы /.
In final positions, e.g. in mother, over, picture, the vowel is articulated either in the half-open central position or in the most open region of the central area.
-
attack
allot
again
alas
afford
amend
ahead
a dog
a sock
a man
ladder
banner
letter
manner
better
beggar
butter
leader
fatter
debtor
conduct(v).
submit
subtend
support
connect
suspect
commit
gazette
suspense
susceptive
ALSO: distance, custard, innocent, Italy, London, maximum
DRILL 37
Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
fir first
firs
fern
This vowel is articulated with the centre of the tongue raised between half-close and half-open and being rather tense, no firm contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars; the lips are neutrally spread. The quality is, therefore, remote from all peripheral Cardinal vowel values.
-
turn
nurse
burn
term
burst
alert
curse
service
curve
assert
heard – hurt
bird – Bert
curd - curt
purr - purse
serve - serf
DRILL 38
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
all – earl
call – curl
paw – purr
port – pert
torse – terse
born - burn
lawn - learn
torn - turn
four - fur
cord - curd
DRILL 39
Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ← ] [ → ]
therm mirth
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and rims of the tongue make a light contact with the edge and inner surface of the upper incisors and a former contact with the upper side teeth, so that the air escaping between the forward surface of the tongue and the incisors causes friction. With some speakers, the tongue-tip may protrude through the teeth. The friction is voiceless.
-
thin
thill
thief
thick
thorp
thud
thought
thorn
moth
teeth
cloth
path
fifth
month*
health*
tenth*
thumb - month
theme – Meath
thorn - north
third - birth
therm - mirth
thicket
thistle
thesis
DRILL 40