Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise

/  /

▼ ▼ ▼

[ v^< ] [ v^> ] [ v^β ]

Veal leave obvious

The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back rounded vowel as in voodoo, groove, the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel in veal, leave. There may be some vocal folds vibration accompanying /  / according to its position.

van vamp vest vase valet

give sieve “v” - eve vast – starve villain - live

DRILL 29

CONTRAST /  / - /  /

vat – fat vast – fast “v” – fee van – fan vault – fault vend – fend

leave - leaf scarves - scarf carve - calf starve - staff give - gift elves - elf

DRILL 30

Loss of plosion*

▼

[ ^× ] [ ^×

apt ebbed

It is a feature of English that in a cluster of two stops (plosives or plosive + affricate) either within a word or at word boundaries, the first plosive has no audible release. The closure for the second stops is made before the release of the first, forming a further obstacle to the air-stream.

packed asked act picked tipped begged fogged legged bobbed

doggy - dogged leggy - legged bobby - bobbed picket - picked packet - packed ticket - ticked lobby - lobbed sippet - sipped floppy - flopped

*See the rule on page 25, IV b.

DRILL 31

Lateral plosion*

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

[ ^×l^□] [ ^×l^□ ] [^×l^□] [^×l] [^×l ] [^×l]

The most frequent tongue contact for English / l / being alveolar, the sequences / t / or / d / + / l / are homorganic. / t / and / d / in such situations are normally released laterally, i.e. one or both sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the air to escape, the tongue-tip contact remaining. Such homorganic lateral release is to be distinguished from sequences of /p, b, k, + / l /, e.g. in apple, bubble, tackle, glow. In these cases , the partial alveolar contact for / l / is made before or at the time of the release of the plosive, and in this sense, the escape of air is lateral.

plaid plant plaque plash bleed black blah blast

clam clash class clap gleam gloss glance glen

little settle cattle battle saddle middle toddle oddly

plan - bland class - glass

plead - bleed clean - glean

pleat - bleat clan - gland

clad - glad clip - glib

temple - temblor

petal - pedal

metal - meddle

DRILL 32