- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
keep - kip - pick
keen - kin - Nick
keel - kill - lick
core - con - nock
*See page 25.
DRILL 24
Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼
[<w ] [ >]
gad dag
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is formed by a closure made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds may vibrate for all or part of the compression stage for / / according to its situation in the utterance. The lip position will be conditioned by that of adjacent sounds, especially following vowels, e.g. spread lips for the plosives in geese, geezer and somewhat rounded lips for the plosive in goose, Guatemala. The air escapes upon the sudden separation of the lingua-velar closure.
The velar stop contact is particularly sensitive to the nature of an adjacent vowel. Thus, when a front vowel follows, e.g. / / in geese, the contact will be made on the forward part of the soft palate. When a back vowel follows, e.g. gone, the contact on the soft palate will be retracted.
-
get
gone
God
geese
guard
gamp
giddy
noggin
big
leg
dog
bog
gab - bag
God - dog
got - tog
guard - Dargue
DRILL 25
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
guard – card
God – cod
gap – cap
cog – cock
log – lock
bag - back
gad - cad
gone - con
tig - tick
lag - lack
DRILL 26
CONTRAST / / - / / - / /
-
tart – taught – tot
stark – stork – stock
card – cord – cod
larks – lawks – locks
part – port - pot
darn – dawn - don
DRILL 27
Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ ←f ] [ f→ ] [ fβ ]
feel leaf a cupful
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back rounded vowel as in fool, roof, the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel in feel, leaf. The friction is voiceless.
-
feed
fast
fan
fall
feast
fill
fawn
flocks
finish
deaf
beef
if
calf
stiff
feel - leaf
fed - deaf
fit - stiff
fox – scoff
DRILL 28