- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Tense, back, open, unrounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [˅ ]
bar tart
bard pass
barn lark
This vowel is articulated with a considerble separation of the jaws and the lips neutrally open; a part of the tongue between the centre and the back is in the fully open position and tense, no contact being made between the rims of the tongue and the upper molars.
-
tar
bar
par
lard
pass
barm
art
barn
palm
last
bard
balm
past
are - art
tar - tart
bar - Bart
par – part
darn - dart
DRILL 20
Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
pour port
pause sort
norm salt
This vowel is articulated with medium lip-rounding; the back of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions and tense, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. / / increasingly replaces earlier / / forms in the words spelt with ore, oor, oar, our (before, door, soar, four), though / / is retained both in concervative RP and in many regional dialects.
-
law
sore
sought
shore
sauce
pause
short
paw
port
nor
daunt
lord
dawn
tall
naught - naughty
sought – sortie
DRILL 21
Lax, back, open, rounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
dog dot
god don
This vowel is articulated with wide open jaws and slight, open lip-rounding; the back of the tongue is in the fully open position, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars.
-
sod
toss
tom
lot
Bob
spot
tolly
solid
tod - dot
sod – doss
DRILL 22
Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ k1 ] [ k2 ] [ k3 ] [ k×]
key kill sick ski
cry act
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is formed by a closure made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds are wide apart. The lip position will be conditioned by that of adjacent sounds, especially following vowels, e.g. spread lips for the plosives in keen, and somewhat rounded lips for the plosives in cool, quick. The air escapes with force upon the sudden separation of the lingua-velar closure.
-
core
car
calm
cast
cask
carp
caught
cash
cod
cat
kiss
kin
kill
can
park
lark
sock
sick
pack
back
nock
skip
scan
skin
scads
ski
skim
score
DRILL 23