- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
/ /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ p1 ] [ p2 ] [ p3 ] [ p× ]
pea pill lip speak
apt
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is provided by the closure of the lips. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds are held wide apart for / p /. The air escapes with force when the lip closure is released.
-
piece
pan
pet
pin
pat
peep
sleep
spit
sheep
lap
zip
deep
* It is not strong in all positions. See page 24.
DRILL 13
Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
-
peal – leap
pin – nip
pill – lip
piece – seep
pad - dap
pit - tip
pal - lap
pat - tap
DRILL 14
Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼
[ b < ] [ b >]
bad dab
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is provided by the closure of the lips. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds may vibrate for all or part of the compression stage for / b /. The air escapes when the lip closure is released.
-
be
bed
bell
bet
bean
bead
bad
lab
dab
ebb
Lib
bin - nib
bat - tab
bed – deb.
DRILL 15
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
tap – tab
lip – Lib
lap – lab
nap – nab
laps – labs (pl.)
naps – nabs (pl.)
taps – tabs (pl.)
lips – Libs (pl.)
DRILL 16
Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ˅ ] [ m‾ ]
mill dim
seem limbs
The lips form a closure as for /p, b/; the soft palate is lowered, adding the resonance of the nasal cavity to those of the pharynx and the mouth chamber closed by the lips; the tongue will generally anticipate or retain the position of the adjacent vowel.
-
men
me
mess
meet
mean
mash
mass
mill
miss
meal
dim
lamb
beam
seem
lamp
deem
meat - team
mass - Sam
mid - dim
mill - limb
*All English sonants are weak, so this feature is omitted in their definitions.
DRILL 17
Polysyllabic organization of words
-
any
easy
pity
ditty
silly
many
minute
daddy
lily
busy
zippy
nanny
DRILL 18
ALLOPHONIC MODIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH SONANTS
-
ten – tens
tell – tells
inn – inns (pl.)
pin – pins(pl.)
bin – bins (pl.)
sins - since
send - sent
lend - lent
tend - tent
spilled - spilt
DRILL 19