Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant

/  /

▼ ▼ ▼

[ ň ] [ n^- ] [ n^ω ]

net ten tenth

tense

seen

The tongue forms a closure with the teeth ridge and upper side teeth; the soft palate is lowered , adding the resonance of the nasal cavity to those of the pharynx and of the part of the mouth chamber behind the alveolar closure; the lip position depends upon that of adjacent vowels

Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)

/  /

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

[  ] [ ɫ^˅ ] [ ^‾ ] [ ^□ ] [ l^ω ] [ ^’ ]

lit seal nil clean wealth will you

The soft palate is in its raised position shutting off the nasal resonator; the tip of the tongue is in contact with the upper teeth ridge, allowing the air to escape on both sides. For clear [l] the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate at the same time as the tip contact is made; for dark [l] the tip contact is again made on the teeth ridge, the front of the tongue being somewhat depressed and the back is raised in the direction of the soft palate, giving a back vowel resonance.

DRILL I

lid dill Lynn tit knit lilt lily

nil tint ninny tinny lid - lit did - ditty ill – lilt

DRILL 2

Tense, front ,closed, unrounded

/ ί /

▼ ▼

‾ V

[ ί ] [ ί ]

knee eat

need

deal

The front of the tongue is raised to a hight slightly below and behind the close front position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense, with the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars.

The vowel is often noticeably diphthongised, especially in final position.

tea knee teen dean need lead

kneel deal lean leal “e” - eat need - neat

DRILL 3

knit – neat Lynn – lean till – teal nill – kneel

tin – teen dill – deal lid – lead ill – eel

DRILL 4

Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise

/  /

▼ ▼ ▼

[ ^← ] [ ^→ ] [ ^ο ]

seen niece sweet

The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with the upper alveolar ridge, and the side rims of the tongue form a close contact with the upper side teeth. The air-stream escapes by means of a narrow groove in the centre of the tongue and causes friction between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The friction is voiceless. The lip position will depend upon the adjacent vowel.

sin seat seed sea sit scene niece

lease sill SIM (SIM-Card) silly list seal – lease scene – niece

DRILL 5

LAX, FRONT, MID-OPEN(close variation), UNROUNDED

/  /

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[ e^‾ ] [ e^˅ ] [ e^↑ ]

said ten well

net

The front of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions; the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than for / The tongue may have more tension than in the case of /;the side rims make a light contact with the upper molars.

lead (n.) ten let less dell

ate cell Ellen let – lead set - said

DRILL 6