Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

І. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: сип та набряк аналіз крові та сечі ряд різних процедур виявляти захворювання проводити фізичний огляд визначити причину захворювання механізм розвитку захворювання прощупування та прослуховування спостерігати за роботою серця показувати переломи та тріщини ІІ. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: What is it necessary to know to make a correct diagnosis? What kind of procedures are used to establish a diagnosis? What is the difference between the objective and subjective symptoms? Why are laboratory analyses important? What does X-ray help to reveal? ІІІ. Розкрийте поняття: фізичний огляд, симптом

THE ORAL CAVITY

PART I

Exercise I. Topic vocabulary:

alveolar process n.	[ˌælviˈəʊlə ˈprəʊses]	альвеолярний відросток
anteriorly adj.	|ænˈtɪəriəli|	спереду
bound v.	[baund]	межувати, обмежувати
fauces n.	[ˈfɔːsiːz]	зів
inferiorly adj.	[ɪnfɪərɪˈɔrətɪ]	знизу
mandible n.	[ˈmændɪb(ə)l]	нижня щелепа
maxilla n.	[mækˈsɪlə]	верхня щелепа
muscular pаlate n.	[ˈmʌskjʊlə ˈpælɪt]	м'язова пластинка
orbital adj.	[ˈɔːbɪtəl]	зіничний
palatine process n.	[ˈpælətaɪn]	піднебінний відросток
pharynx n.	[ˈfærɪŋks]	глотка
posteriorly adj.	[pɒsˈtɪərɪəlɪ]	ззаду
ramus (pl. rami) n.	[ˈreɪməs] [reɪ’maɪ]	гілка
slit n.	[slit]	проріз
socket n.	[ˈsɒkɪt[	лунка
superiorly adj.	[sjuːˈpɪərɪəlɪ]	зверху
uvula n.	[ˈjuːvjʊlə]	язичок
vestibule n.	['vestlbju:l]	присінок
zygomatic adj.	[,z(a)igeu'mətik]	виличний відросток (скуловий)

Exercise II. Read the word combinations and translate them:

Jaw: stationary jaw, movable jaw, lower jaw, upper jaw, branch of the jaw, inflamed jaw.

Bone: dense bone, hard bone, sponge-like bone, trabecular bone, long bone, flat bone.

Tissue: red tissue, moist tissue, glistening tissue, bone tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue.

Surface: inner surface, outer surface, anterior surface, posterior surface, intra-temporal surface, superior surface, orbital surface, medial surface, nasal surface.

Exercise III. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:

Bones of the skull; vestibule; alveolar arch; slit-like space; movable and stationary parts; alveolar process, processes of the jaw; U-shaped; branches; horse-shoe-shaped horizontal portion; covered with the skin; oral cavity proper; sponge-like in structure; to hold by a membrane; periodontal membrane; hard and soft palates; to cover with the mucous membrane; medial line.

Exercise IV. Choose the words and phrases that don’t go with the topic “The oral cavity”:

Teeth, lips, tongue, maxilla, mandible, nasal cavity, abdominal cavity, larynx, soft and hard palates, pharynx, skin, mucous membrane, salivary glands, pelvis cavity, uvula, pancreas, rami, breastbone, peritoneum, periodontal membrane.

Exercise V. Read and translate the text:

THE ORAL CAVITY

The oral cavity is formed by the bones of the skull. It consists of the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

The vestibule of the mouth is a slit-like space bounded externally by the lips and cheeks, and internally by the teeth and alveolar processes, the jaws.

The human being has two jaws: an upper and a lower one.

The upper jaw (the maxilla) is stationary forming part of the skull. It is a paired bone. It consists of a body and four processes: the frontal, zygomatic, palatine, and alveolar processes. There are four surfaces of the body of the maxilla: the anterior, posterior or intra-temporal, superior or orbital, and medial or nasal surfaces.

The lower jaw (the mandible) is movable and attached to the skull by muscles. It is U-shaped and consists of a body and two branches. The Lower jaw is made up of two parts: the horse-shoe-shaped horizontal portion to which the teeth are attached and which is called "the body of the mandible" and the perpendicular part, the ramus. There are two rami, the left and the right.

The major portion of the structure, which makes up the jaw, is dense, hard bone but there is a part which is sponge-like in structure. This is called the alveolar process: and contains the sockets into which the roots of the teeth fit. The roots are held in place in sockets by a membrane, which is called the periodontal membrane.

The oral cavity proper is bounded superiorly by the hard or soft palates, inferiorly by the oral diaphragm, and anteriorly and laterally by the teeth and alveolar processes; posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through the fauces. The hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It is covered with the mucous membrane. The soft palate is situated posterior to the hard palate and is covered with a mucous membrane. The conical part of the soft palate situated along the medial line is called the uvula.

Exercise VI. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What does the oral cavity consist of?

2. What is the vestibule bounded by?

3. What parts does maxilla consist of?

4. How many processes does maxilla have?

5. What does mandible consist of?

6. What is alveolar process?

7. How do the roots of the teeth held in place?

8. What is the hard palate and soft palate?

9. What part of the soft palate is called uvula?

Exercise VII. Match the Ukrainian words and word combinations with the English ones:

1. alveolar processes	корінь та гілка
2. maxilla and mandible	періодонтальна оболонка
3. periodontal membrane	ліва та права гілки нижньої щелепи
4. mucous membrane	триматися у лунках за допомогою оболонки
5. hard and soft palates	альвеолярний відросток
6. fauces and uvula	альвеолярна дуга
7. root and ramus	верхня та нижня щелепи
8. to hold in sockets by membrane	тверде та м’яке піднебіння
left and right rami of the mandible	слизова оболонка
alveolar arch	зів та язичок

Exercise VIII. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements to make them true.

1. Bones of the skull form the oral cavity.

2. The vestibule of the mouth is a slit-like space bounded internally by the lips and cheeks.

3. The lower jaw (maxilla) is a paired bone.

4. The hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.

5. The soft palate is situated to the inferior of the hard palate.

6. The fauces connects the oral cavity with the pharynx.

7. The upper jaw (the mandible) is movable and attached to the skull by muscles.

8. The roots are held in place in sockets by alveolar process.

Exercise IX. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given below.

(Oral cavity, uvula, mandible, hard palate, vestibule, tongue, fauces, soft palate)

1. ... is a thin horizontal bony plate located in the roof of the mouth.

2.... is the large bundle of skeletal muscles on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing.

3. ... is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food.

4. ... is a narrow cleft between the lips and cheeks, and the teeth and gums, and the oral cavity proper.

5. ... is the soft tissue constituting the back of the mouth roof.

6. ... is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate.

7. ... is the lower jaw that holds the lower teeth in place.

8. ... is the posterior part of the mouth, which leads into the pharynx.

Exercise X. Link each Verb on the left with a Noun on the right to make 8 'partnerships'. The first one has been done for you as an example.

Verbs	Nouns
administer arrange catch reveal discontinue relieve resist prescribe	antibodies antibiotics the treatment some infections an appointment the pain a drug a cold

Exercise XI. Complete these sentences using the partnerships from Exercise X. You may have to make some changes to fit the grammar of the sentences. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. As the severe side-effects appeared, the doctor discontinued the treatment.

2. As she was made a diagnosis of pneumonia, she was ____________________ .

3. The doctor __________________ to the patient.

4. I've ____________________ from one of my colleagues at work.

5. The laboratory assistant ________________ to hepatitis C in the patient’s blood.

6. A healthy body can ____________________ .

7. I would like to ____________________ with the dentist for 10.00 am tomorrow.

8. She was given an injection to ____________________ in her leg.

Exercise XII. Read and translate paying attention to the use of Indefinite (Simple) and Continuous Tenses:

1. Dental students attend lectures on the structure of the oral cavity with great interest.

2. The physician is examining the patient at the moment.

3. The students watched how surgeons were operating on the mandible.

4. The radiologist is taking an X-ray of the right lower tooth.

5. The oral cavity consists of maxilla and mandible.

6. He spent a lot of time at the library these days, as he was writing a medical article.

7. The doctor will be treating this patient tomorrow during approximately an hour.

8. The patient will make an appointment with a dentist for the next week.

Exercise XIII. Open the brackets using Indefinite (Simple) or Continuous Tense and translate the sentences:

1. I (to study)... anatomy of the oral cavity yesterday at 3 p.m.

2. In two weeks we (to write)... a test in Anatomy.

3. He (not to understand)... the teacher at the last lesson.

4. - What... she (to write)... now? - She (to work)... at her report on the structure of the human body.

5. He (to go)... to the university when I met him in the street.

6. My friend (to spend)... last week in a hospital. He (to be) ... ill.

7. When I (to enter) ... the ward, I (to see) ... that he (to take) ... the temperature.

8. I (to learn)... the structure of the oral cavity now, because I (to want)... a good mark tomorrow.

Exercise XIV. Put questions to the underlined parts of the sentence:

1. The mucous membrane on the alveolar processes closely adheres to the periosteum.

2. The upper jaw is attached to the skull by muscles.

3. The first book devoted entirely to dentistry appeared only in the 16th century.

4. Three principal pairs of glands are recognized.

5. An interesting experiment will be carried out on Monday.

6. The dentist has already finished to examine the patient’s oral cavity.

7. The world's most ancient civilizations left a lot of documents with rules in oral hygiene.

8. The patient may feel immediate relief after taking this remedy.

THE ORAL CAVITY

PART II

Exercise I. Topic vocabulary:

alveolar arch n.	[alvɪˈəʊlə ɑːtʃ]	альвеолярна дуга
masticate v.	[ˈmastɪkeɪt]	жувати
crown n.	[kraʊn]	коронка
root n.	[ruːt]	корінь
anchor v.	[ˈaŋkə]	закріплювати
alveolus [alveoli] n.	[alˈvɪələs][ alˈvɪəl ʌɪ]	зубна альвеола
gum \gingiva [gingivae] n.	[gʌm] [dʒınʹdʒaıvə] \ [i]	ясна
imbed v.	[im’bed]	впроваджувати
saliva n.	[səˈlʌɪvə]	слина
mucosa n.	[mjuːˈkəʊsə]	слизова оболонка
periosteum n.	[ˌpɛrɪˈɒstɪəm]	надкісниця
pulp n.	[pʌlp ]	пульпа
dentin n.	[‘dentin]	дентин зуба
enamel n.	[ɪˈnæm(ə)l]	емаль
mucus n.	[ˈmjuːkəs]	слиз

Exercise II. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:

An alveolar arch; base of the tongue; palatine tonsil; secretion; to be imbedded; saliva; to be lined with the mucous membrane; to masticate food into tiny pieces; to adhere closely; soft palate; conical part; the crown and root; a gum line; to anchor the tooth into a bony socket; the pulp, dentin, and enamel; sublingual, submaxillaries and parotids; mucous membrane or mucosa; labial, buccal, palatine and lingual glands.

Exercise III. In Column A of this table there are 10 nouns relating to medicine. For each of the nouns decide whether the correct plural form is in Column B or Column C and then circle it.

The first question has been done for you as an example.

Column A (singular)	Column B (plural)	Column C (plural)
bacterium	bacteria	bacteriums
nucleus	nucleua	nuclei
alveolus	alveoli	alveolei
ramus	ramuses	rami
gingiva	gingivae	gingivas
tooth	tooths	teeth
fungus	fungi	funguses
diagnosis	diagnosises	diagnoses
atrium	atriums	atria
vertebra	vertebrae	vertebras
maxilla	maxillae	maxillas

Exercise IV. Read and translate the text:

Structure of the oral cavity

The first section of the mouth is known as the oral cavity, or the mouth cavity. This space is bordered in the front and to the sides by the two alveolar arches, which contain the teeth.

The teeth are a group of hard organs found in the oral cavity. Teeth are used to masticate (or chew) food into tiny pieces. They also provide shape to the mouth and face and are important components in producing speech.

A tooth can be divided into two main parts: the crown and root. Found above the gum line, the crown is the enlarged region of the tooth involved in chewing. Below the gum line is the region of the tooth called the root, which anchors the tooth into a bony socket known as an alveolus. Each tooth is an organ consisting of three layers: the pulp, dentin and enamel.

The lips and cheeks contain the mimetic muscles: they are covered externally with the skin, and lined in the vestibule with the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane on the alveolar processes the jaw closely adheres to the periosteum and is called the gums (gingivae). Gingiva is the soft tissue that covers and protects the root of the tooth. The gum is not attached to the tooth. A red, moist, glistening tissue, which is called the mucous membrane or mucosa forms a protective covering for the tongue, palate, floor of the mouth and the inside of the lips and cheeks, much as the skin does for the rest of the body.

The tongue is a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane. It consists of the tip, body and base. Underneath the tongue and the inner surface of the cheeks there are glands, three principal pairs being recognized: the sublingual, submaxillaries and parotids. They supply water, ferments and mucus to the food which is ground up by the teeth. Numerous small glands (labial, buccal, palatine and lingual) whose secretion contains mucus are imbedded in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Moreover, there are three pairs of large salivary glands whose ducts also open into the oral cavity. The secretion of the salivary glands is called saliva.

Exercise V. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What are the names of the principal glands of the oral cavity?

2. What is the tongue fastened to?

3. What do the salivary glands secrete?

4. What does the alveolar arch contain?

5. What is the function of the teeth?

6. What parts can a tooth be divided into?

7. What layers does the tooth consist of?

8. What is gingiva?

9. What is the function of the mucus membrane?

Exercise VI. Match the following Ukrainian words and word combinations with the English ones:

1. alveolar arch	1. піднижньощелепна та привушна залози
2. the crown and root	2. жувати їжу на маленькі шматочки
3. to anchor the tooth	3. формувати захисне покриття
4. to be lined with the mucous membrane	4. коронка та корінь
5. submaxillary and parotid glands	5. альвеолярна дуга
6. secretion of the salivary glands	6. вистилатися слизовою оболонкою
7. to form a protective covering	7. закріплювати зуб
8. to masticate food into pieces	8. виділення слинних залоз

Exercise VII. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. The cheeks and the lips вистилаються слизовою оболонкою.

2. Mucous membrane формує захисне покриття for the inner oral organs.

3. Each tooth consists of коронки та кореня.

4. The tooth закріплюється into the sockets by the periodontal membrane.

5. Teeth are used to жувати їжу на маленькі шматочки.

6. Виділення слинних залоз smooth the food which is ground up by the teeth.

7. Слизова оболонка of the oral cavity reflects the health of the individual.

8. Надкісниця is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones in the human body.

Exercise VIII. Match the following terms with their definition:

a pulp	a part of the tooth hidden in the jaw that keeps the tooth in place.
a crown	the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on bones that hold teeth.
an enamel	a part of the soft tissue lining of the mouth.
a root	a part of the tooth visible in the mouth
a tongue	a muscular organ that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity
alveolar process	a small, calcified, whitish structure found in the jaws of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
a tooth	the part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts.
gingiva	the outer covering of the tooth that is the hardest tissue in the body

Exercise IX. Match the beginning with the endings of the sentences:

1. teeth are used	a) a bony socket known as an alveolus.
2. gingiva is the soft tissue that	b) in producing speech.
3. glands supply water, ferments and mucus to	c) that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth.
4. the root anchors the tooth into	d) a visible part of the tooth in the mouth.
5. the mucous membrane or mucosa forms	e) covers and protects the root of the tooth.
6. teeth are important components	f) the food which is ground up by the teeth.
7. the gingiva consists of the mucosal tissue	g) a protective covering for the tongue, palate, etc.
8. the crown of a tooth is	h) to masticate food into tiny pieces.

Exercise X. Read and translate paying attention to the use of Indefinite (Simple) and Continuous Tenses:

1. The surgeons are operating on the acute appendicitis at the moment.

2. The patient is getting better with this new treatment.

3. The dentist takes an X-ray to identify tooth decay.

4. We should give him vasodilators as his blood pressure is rising very rapidly.

5. While the dentist was examining the patient’s oral cavity he identified the decay between front upper teeth.

6. Dr. Peterson is filling a cavity in the wisdom tooth now.

7. It's important to come to a dentist twice a year for regular check-ups.

8. The dentist is removing plaque in the patient’s oral cavity now.

Exercise XI. Open the brackets using Indefinite or Continuous Tense.

1. We (to wait) ... for them at two o'clock tomorrow. We (to be) ... sure they (to come) ... in time. Then we (to go) ... to the library to look for the supplementary literature.

2. -... you (to see)... your friend yesterday? - Yes, she (to stand)... in the central academic building of the university talking with our histology professor.

3. The oral cavity (to consist) ... of the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

4. The students can’t answer the question because they (not to listen) to the lecturer attentively.

5. Some students (to work)... in the laboratory studying the structure of the human body while the others (to listen)... to the lecturer.

6. He (to study) very hard now as he (to realize) the importance of his future work.

7. Every day she (to return)... home, (to have)... dinner, and (to rest)... a bit.

8. The doctor …. (to prepare) a syringe for an injection, while the child (not see) him.

Exercise XII. Open the brackets (all tenses can be used) and translate the sentences:

1. On the floor of the oral cavity the mucous membrane (to form) a fold called the frenulum of the tongue.

2. Food (to grind) up by the teeth.

3. The set of teeth of a grown-up (to include) 32 teeth.

4. The nurse (to give) an injection of anesthetics to relieve unbearable pain now.

5. The students (to study) Pharmacology in two years.

6. Great progress in the development of new types of filling material (to make) last year.

7. The toxins in the gum already (to stimulate) the process of irritation.

8. These patients (to operate) tomorrow after a morning round.

Exercise XIII. Make questions to the underlined parts of the sentence:

1. The salivary glands supply water, ferments and mucus to the food.

2. The food wasn’t properly grounded by the teeth because of the lack of the teeth.

3. The dentist will apply some mint flavored fluoride on the patient’s teeth.

4. The patient has made an appointment with the dentist for today.

5. The dentistry was established as a separate branch of medicine 5000 years ago.

6. The Etruscans made first dental prosthesis in the seventh century BC.

7. The teeth have been extracted under local anesthesia.

8. If there is infection a dentist will establish drainage.

Exercise XIV. Translate into English:

1. Кістки черепа утворюють ротову порожнину.

2. Верхня щелепа має чотири відростки: лобний, виличний, піднебінний та альвеолярний.

3. В альвеолярному відростку є 8 луночок (cells) для розміщення коренів зубів.

4. Слизова оболонка на альвеолярних відростках щелепи, що щільно прилягає до надкісниці, називається яснами.

5. Верхня частина язика називається спинкою язика (dorsum).

6. Мигдалики захищають людину від шкідливих мікроорганізмів, виконуючи роль бар'єра.

7. Слинні залози, що знаходяться в ротовій порожнині, секретують слину.

8. Нижня щелепа рухома й прикріплюється до черепа за допомогою м’язів.

Exercise XV. Arrange the following sentences in order to describe the term “oral cavity”

1. The teeth are a group of hard organs used to masticate (or chew) food into tiny pieces

2. A red, moist, glistening tissue, which is called the mucous membrane forms a protective covering for the tongue, palate, floor of the mouth and the inside of the lips and cheeks.

3. The upper jaw (the maxilla) is stationary forming part of the skull.

4. The oral cavity is formed by the bones of the skull..

5. The human being has two jaws: an upper and a lower one. The lower jaw (the mandible) is movable and attached to the skull by muscles.