Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

Перекладіть словосполучення: Основні органи організму людини Складатися з голови, тулуба та кінцівок Органи нюху та зору Бути вкритим шкірою Розташовуватися в роті Дихати через ніс З Захищати органи від ушкоджень Тверде і м’яке піднебіння Зап’ясток та кисть Підтримувати м’які частини тіла Нирки і жовчний міхур Печінка та селезінка Стравохід і шлунок Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання: What are the principal parts of the human body? What are the principal organs in the chest? What organs does the abdomen include? What does the upper extremity consist of? What supports soft parts and protects organs from injury? Розкрийте поняття: булова тіла, голова

SKELETON

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

bone marrow	[bəʊn ˈmærəʊ]	кістковий мозок
breastbone	[ˈbrɛstˌbəʊn]	грудина
cartilage	[ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ]	хрящ
cervical	[ˈsɜːvɪkəl]	шийний
cranium	[ˈkreɪnɪəm]	черепна коробка
cranial	[ˈkreɪnɪəl]	черепний
coccyx	[ˈkɒksɪks]	куприк
facial	[ˈfeɪʃəl]	лицевий
fibers	[faɪbəz]	волокна
fused	['fju:zd]	зрощений
girdle	[ˈɡɜːdl]	пояс
joint	[dʒɔɪnt]	суглоб
ligament	[ˈlɪgəmənt]	зв'язка
lumbar	[ˈlʌmbə]	поперековий
mandible	[’mændɪbəl]	нижня щелепа
marrow cavity	[ˈmærəʊ ˈkævɪtɪ]	кістково-мозкова порожнина
pelvis	[ˈpɛlvɪs]	таз
rib	[rɪb]	ребро
sacrum	[ˈseɪkrəm]	крижі (крестец)
spinal cord	['spainǝl 'kɔ:d]	спинний мозок
spine (spinal column )	[spaɪn] [ˈspaɪnəl ˈkɒləm]	спинний хребет, хребетний стовп
sternum	['stɜ:nǝm]	грудина
tendon	[ˈtɛndən]	сухожилля
thoracic	[θɔːˈræsɪk]	грудний
vertebra (pl. vertebrae)	[ˈvɜːtɪbrə] [ˈvɜːtɪbrɪ]	Хребець хребці
warehouse	['weər‚haʋs]	склад, сховище

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. Сranial: cranial bones; cerebro-cranial symptom; cranial nerves; cranial radiograph; cranial X-ray.The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts.

2. Facial: anterior facial vein; bones of the facial skeleton; facial bones; facial asymmetry; facial muscles.The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower skull.

3. Cervical: cervical artery; cervical glands; cervical nerves; cervical vertebra; deep cervical vein. There are seven cervical vertebrae in the spine.

4. Thoracic: long thoracic artery; thoracic aorta; thoracic bones; thoracic cavity; thoracic organs.Thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the spinal column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.

5. Lumbar: lumbar vein; lumbar part of spinal cord; lumbar puncture; lumbar region; lumbar vertebrae. The lumbar vertebrae are five vertebrae that make up the spine in the lower back.

Exercise 3. Write in words (all the words are from the text below) and translate into Ukrainian:

[ˌæpənˈdɪkjʊlə], [kəmˈpraɪz], [ˈfiːmə], [spaɪn], [ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ], [ˈsteɪpiːz], [ˈmʌs^əl], [ˈvɜːtɪbrə], [ˈkɒksɪks], [θɔːˈræsɪk], [ˈlɪgəmənt], [ˈseikrəl], [ˈbrɛstˌbəʊn], [ˈlʌmbə], [ˈæksɪəl], [ɪkˈstrɛmɪtɪ], [ˈkælsɪəm], [ˈmærəʊ], [ˈkævɪtɪ], [skʌl], [ˈkreɪnɪəl], [ˈsɜːvɪk^əl], [θaɪ], [ˈfoːraːm], [ˈtɛndən], [ˈfeɪʃəl]

Exercise 4. Give adjectives for the following nouns (you will need to use a dictionary!):

noun	adjective	noun	adjective
bone		cartilage
spine		ligament
skeleton		muscle
vertebra		cell
pelvis		blood

Exercise 5. Read the word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

To be made up of many cells, to enclose and protect the spinal cord, a long curved bone, costal cartilages, the superior portion of the skull, to protect the brain from damage, facial bones, to be connected with the sternum, the hollow space inside of bones, red bone marrow, constant growth and development, to attach the skeletal muscles, twelve pairs of ribs, to provide support and flexibility, to move the limbs, the body’s warehouse for calcium.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the sentences in Passive. Transform them into Active:

1. The spinal cord is protected by the spine.

2. The trunk and the head are connected by the neck.

3. The human body is covered by the skin.

4. Ribs are connected with the sternum by costal cartilages.

5. The human skeleton was studied by many scientists.

6. The functions of the skeleton were investigated by ancient physicians.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

THE SKELETON

The skeletal system includes all the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals.

The skeleton in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones. These bones are classified into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper extremity, pelvis and lower extremity.

The human vertebral column (spine or backbone) usually consists of 33 vertebrae. They are named by region:

• Cervical (neck) – 7 vertebrae

• Thoracic (chest) – 12 vertebrae

• Lumbar (lower back) – 5 vertebrae

• Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae

• Coccyx (tailbone) – 3 (3-5) fused vertebrae

The spine encloses and protects the spinal cord.

Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). They are long curved bones surrounding the chest. The first seven pairs of ribs are connected with the sternum (breastbone) by costal cartilages.

The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused together except for the mandible.

The bones of the superior portion of the skull are known as the cranium and protect the brain from damage. The bones of the inferior and anterior portion of the skull are known as facial bones (face) and support the eyes, nose, and mouth.

The skeletal system’s primary function is to support and protect the body's organs and attaches the skeletal muscles. The bones of the axial skeleton protect the internal organs—such as the brain and the heart—from damage caused by external forces. The bones of the appendicular skeleton provide support and flexibility at the joints and attach the muscles that move the limbs. Finally, bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy in the form of fat.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by joints, cartilages, ligaments and tendons.

The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water.

The human skeleton takes 20 years before it is fully developed. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, a number which varies between individuals and with age - newborn babies have over 270 bones some of which fuse together.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions

1. What does the skeletal system consist of?

2. What parts is the human skeleton divided into?

3. How many bones does an adult body consist of?

4. How many vertebrae does the spine include?

5. What regions are there in the vertebral column?

6. What is enclosed in the spine?

7. How many ribs do humans have?

8. What parts is the skull divided into?

9. What are the functions of the skeletal system?

10. What is the biggest bone in the body?

11. How many bones do newborn babies have? Why do adults have fewer bones?

Exercise 9. Find out the pairs of synonyms

thorax	spine
sternum	chest
vertebral column	limb
inferior	upper
superior	breastbone
extremity	lower
external	outer

Exercise 10. Match the terms to their definitions

Skeleton Vertebra Trunk Skull Rib Spine Bone marrow

a) any of the 24 curved elastic bones that together form the chest wall in man b) the vertebral column c) one of the bony segments of the spinal column d) the fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones f) the bony skeleton of the head g) a hard framework consisting of bones that supports and protects the soft parts of a human body h) the body excluding the head, neck, and limbs

Exercise 11. Translate into English

Кістки і суглоби, осьовий і апендикулярний скелет, кістки голови і тулуба, кістки кінцівок, плечовий пояс і таз, хребет і хребетний стовп, шийні та грудні хребці, поперекові хребці, крижі та куприк, ребра і грудина, черепна коробка, лицьові кістки, кістковий мозок, прикріплювати скелетні м’язи, захищати внутрішні органи, рухати кінцівки, сховище кальцію та заліза

Exercise 12. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box above:

nervous system; axial; spinal column; chest; appendicular pelvis; vertebrae; joints.

1. The axial skeleton is formed by the …, the chest and the skull.

2. The … in female skeletons is different from that of males in order to facilitate child birth.

3. The upright posture of humans is maintained by the … skeleton.

4. The … between bones allow movement.

5. The … protect the spinal cord.

6. Muscles, bones, and joints are all coordinated by the ….

7. The … skeleton (126 bones) is formed by the upper limbs and the lower limbs.

8. The … and the spine protect the human lungs, human heart and major blood vessels.

Exercise 13. What terms are described:

1. any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in human

2. a long flat vertical bone, situated in front of the thorax, to which are attached the collarbone and the first seven pairs of ribs

3. A small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans consisting of several fused rudimentary vertebrae.

4. One of a series of long curved bones occurring in 12 pairs in humans and extending from the spine to or toward the sternum.

5. a band of strong connective tissue serving to connect bones or hold organs in place.

6. the smallest bone in the human body

7. A band of tough, fibrous, inelastic tissue that connects a muscle to a bone

8. the junction between two or more bones

Exercise 14. Complete the table with the missing degrees of adjectives:

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
thin
	easier
		the worst
	more dangerous
good
		the farthest
interesting
	fatter
		the softest
happy
		the sweetest

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using the adjectives in the proper degree of comparison:

1. The lumbar vertebrae are (large) vertebrae in the spinal column.

2. This bone is (long) than that one.

3. He is (experienced) surgeon in this hospital.

4. It is a (good) idea.

5. This exercise is (difficult) than the one we did yesterday.

6. She is the (young) in her family.

7. Is Anatomy (interesting) than Physics for you?

8. That was the (bad) decision he could make.

Exercise 16. Open the brackets using the verb in an appropriate tense (Present, Past, Future Simple Active or Passive Voice):

1. The new equipment (to install) in the emergency room next week.

2. Yellow bone marrow (to store) calcium and fat.

3. The lungs (to protect) by the chest.

4. All the patients at the in-patient department (to examine) two hours ago.

5. The professor (to ask) a lot of questions after his lecture tomorrow.

6. This patient (to complain) of severe headache last week.

7. The doctor (to make) a diagnosis only after he gets the findings of blood test.

8. The administration (to change), if he doesn’t feel better tomorrow.

Exercise 17. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The chest is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs.

2. He will be administered a bed regimen.

3. Yellow bone marrow stores calcium and fat.

4. The human skeleton takes 20 years before it is fully developed.

5. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton.

6. The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts.

7. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand.

8. His temperature will be taken in the morning.

Exercise 18. Translate into English:

1. Осьовий скелет кладається з кісток, які підтримують торс.

2. Нижня кінцівка приєднюєтся до торсу за допомогою тазу.

3. М’язи прикріплені до кісток, і якщо м’язи кладаєть, кістки також кладаєть.

4. Скелету людини потрібно 20 років , щоб повністю розвинутися.

5. Грудна клітка кладається з 12 грудних хребців, грудини та 12 пар ребер.

6. У дорослої людини скелет складає близько 14% від загальної маси тіла, та половина його маси – вода.

7. Верхня кінцівка складається з плеча, передпліччя та кисті.

8. Кістковий мозок розміщуєтся всередині кістковомозокової порожнини кісток.

*Exercise 19. a) Read and translate the story about the most famous rib in the human history.

The Lord God formed the man from the dust of the ground… The Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man’s ribs and closed the place with flesh. Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and brought her to the man.

b) Choose the words from the text with the similar meaning to the given ones

bodily tissue to make somebody do something

female male

soil to cover

c) True or false?

1) The man’s body was closed up with the rib.

2) The first man was formed by the ground.

3) The first woman was made from the rib.

4) While the man was sleeping the Lord God made the woman.

Exercise 20. Describe the terms according to the plan: skeleton, skull

1. Tell what the term means.

2. Tell what the given part of the body consists of.

3. Tell about its functions.

4. Give any other information you know about the given part of the body.