17.Псевдоінтернаціоналізми у перекладі. Проблеми їх перекладу.

Internationalisms are characterized by a similarity of their lexical meaning, by an identity or similarity in their orthographic and sounding form, by their denotative meaning and sometimes by their motivation. Their meaning does not change in any contextual environment. The identification of the international meaning of some lexemes becomes much more difficult when dealing with polysemantic language signs. That is because in English a lot of lexemes may often have one and the same lingual form for several notions, as, for example, in the noun conductor: кондуктор – genuine internationalism провідник – international loan word провід – international loan word громовідвід – international loan word диригент – pseudo-internationalism керівник – pseudo-internationalism Conductor Apart from the polysemantic words with several meanings, one of which is genuine international and the rest pseudo-international, i.e., non-international, there are also quite a few words in present-day English and Ukrainian which have an identical orthographic form but quite different lexical meaning: accurate – точний, правильний but not акуратний; data – дані but not дата; intelligence – розум but not інтелігенція; matrass – колба but not матрац; obligation – зобов’язання but not облігація; prospect – перспектива but not проспект; replica – точна копія but not репліка, etc. These and the like pseudo-international words are often referred to as ‘false friends of the translator’ (удавані друзі перекладача).

18.Національно забарвлені лексичні одиниці (реалій). Виявлення та способи їх відтворення у перекладі.

Each nation in the course of its historical development acquires a great number of features characteristic of the nation only and not pertained to any other, even to a genealogically related nation. The distinguishing features find their reflection in different aspects of ma­terial and spiritual life and are materialized in separate words and word-groups designating national customs, traditions, folk rites and feasts, administrative or political systems, etc.

WAYS OF RENDERING THE MEANING OF NATIONALLY BIASED UNITS OF LEXICON

I. By Transcription or Transliteration Exclusively The units of the nationally specific lexicon, whose meanings are rendered at the phonological level, usually belong to genuine internationalisms and comprise social and political units of lexicon in the main (cf. lord, lady, mister, shilling, kozak, hryvnia, etc.)

2. By Transcription or Transliteration and Explication of Their Genuine Nationally Specific Meaning

In many a case the lingual form of a unit of nationally specific lexicon conveyed through transcription or transliteration can not provide a full expression of its lexical meaning. Then an additional explication of its sense becomes necessary.

3. By Descriptive Explaining/Explication Only For some reason or other the orthographic form of a consider­able number of sense units belonging to the nationally specific lexi­con of the source language can not be rendered into the target lan­guage. That happens mostly when the transcription/transliteration can not be helpful in expressing the sense of the culturally biased national unit, or when it might bring about an unnecessary ambiguity in the target language narration/text cf.: matron завгосп у навчальному закладі (суміщає економку і медсестру);

4. By Translation of Componental Parts and Additional Explication of Units of the Nationally Biased Lexicon

The proper meaning of some specific units of the national lexi­con can be faithfully rendered by way of regular translation of all or some of their componental parts and explication of the denotative meaning pertaining to the source language unit.

5. By Ways of Word-for-Word or Loan Translation

When the componental parts making up the units of the nation­ally specific lexicon are at the same time the main transparent bear­ers of their proper sence, expressed through their meaning, a faithful translation of such sense units may be achieved either by way of word-for-word translation or by way of loan translation. Each of these ways can be well exemplified in English and Ukrainian.

A.Translated word-for-word are the specific national units of lexi­con as first (second, third) reading перше (друге, третє) читання (офіційне внесення законопроекту в англійський парламент);